Ashoka country/region: India Lifespan Essay

Political conditions prior to leader’s gaining power: The Mauryan Empire was perhaps the largest empire ever to dominate the Indian subcontinent. Administration of Mauryan dynasty emote a stupendous instance, in which the top order established solemn groundwork for their descendants.Chandragupta Maurya, the founder king of the Mauryan Dynasty, represents the quintessence of the Mauryan kings, who materialised the very idea of political unification of India. social condition prior to leader’s gaining power: Among the more significant changes which had taken place by the middle of the first millennium B.C. was the development of towns and urban culture. The coming of Aryan culture based on pastoralism and agrarian village communities. It resulted in the entire process of development from village cultures to urban cultures being re-experienced in northern India. Towns evolved from trade centres and craft villages, and consequently the dominant institution of urban life was the guild. economic condition prior to leader’s gaining power: Land revenue had been recognised as a major source of state income before the Mauryas. The proverbial wealth of the Nandas was doubtless due to their efficient collection of revenue from the fertile middle Ganga plain. ideology, motivation, goals: Ashoka goals were to bring Buddhist values, general welfare, justice, and security. significant actions & events during term of power: Ashoka’s military power was so strong that he was able to crush those empires that went to war against him. Ashoka also planted trees in his empire and his neighboring countries. Ashoka was perhaps the first emperor in human history to ban slavery, hunting, fishing and deforestation. Ashoka also banned the death sentence and asked the same for the neighboring countries. Ashoka commanded his people to serve the orders of their elders parents and religious monks. Ashoka also recommended his people study and respect all religions. According to Ashoka, to harm another’s religion is a harm to one’s own religion. Ashoka asked people to live with harmony, peace, love and tolerance. Ashoka called his people as his children, and they could call him when they need him. He also asked people to save money and not to spend for immoral causes. short term effects: After his death the dynasty fell, creating a new dynasty in India. long term effects: Ashoka influence the spread of Buddhism thought India. Until today most of the Indian population still is Buddhists. View as multi-pages

Arabian Nights: Sinbad the Porter and Sinbad the Sailor Essay

Sinbad the Porter and Sinbad the Sailor Like the 1001 Nights the Sinbad story-cycle has a frame story, which goes as follows: in the days of Haroun al-Rashid, Caliph of Baghdad, a poor porter (one who carries goods for others in the market and throughout the city) pauses to rest on a bench outside the gate of a rich merchant’s house, where he complains to Allah about the injustice of a world which allows the rich to live in ease while he must toil and yet remain poor. The owner of the house hears, and sends for the porter, and it is found they are both named Sinbad. The rich Sinbad tells the poor Sinbad that he became wealthy, â€Å"by Fortune and Fate†, in the course of seven wondrous voyages, which he then proceeds to relate. A sailing port in the Arabian Sea. The First Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor After dissipating the wealth left to him by his father, Sinbad goes to sea to repair his fortune. He sets ashore on what appears to be an island, but this island proves to be a gigantic sleeping whale on which trees have taken root ever since the world was young. Awakened by a fire kindled by the sailors, the whale dives into the depths, the ship departs without Sinbad, and Sinbad is saved by the chance of a passing wooden trough sent by the grace of Allah. He is washed ashore on a densely wooded island. While exploring the deserted island he comes across one of the king’s grooms. When Sinbad helps save the King’s mare from being drowned by a sea horse—not a seahorse as we know it, but a supernatural horse that lives underwater—the groom brings Sinbad to the king. The king befriends Sinbad and so he rises in the king’s favour becoming a trusted courtier. One day, the very ship on which Sinbad set sail docks at the island, and he reclaims his goods (still in the ship’s hold). Sinbad gives the king his goods and in return the king gives him rich presents. Sinbad sells these presents for a great profit. Sinbad returns to Baghdad where he resumes a life of ease and pleasure. With the ending of the tale, Sinbad the sailor makes Sinbad the porter a gift of a hundred gold pieces, and bids him return the next day to hear more about his adventures. Sindbad the Sailor and the valley of the Diamonds. The Second Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor On the second day of Sinbad’s tale-telling—but the 549th night of Scheherazade’s, for she has been breaking her tale each morning in order to arouse the interest of the homicidal king, and make him spare her life for one more night—Sinbad the sailor tells how he grew restless of his life of leisure, and set to sea again, â€Å"possessed with the thought of traveling about the world of men and seeing their cities and islands.† Accidentally abandoned by his shipmates again, he finds himself stranded in an island which contains roc eggs. After attaching himself to a roc, he is transported to a valley of giant snakes which can swallow elephants, and a roc which preys upon them. The floor of the valley is carpeted with diamonds, and merchants harvest these by throwing huge chunks of meat into the valley which the birds then carry back to their nests, where the men drive them away and collect the diamonds stuck to the meat. The wily Sinbad straps one of the pieces of meat to his back and is carried back to the nest along with a large sack full of precious gems. Rescued from the nest by the merchants, he returns to Baghdad with a fortune in diamonds, seeing many marvels along the way. The Third Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor Restless for travel and adventure, Sinbad sets sail again from Basra. But by ill chance he and his companions are cast up on an island where they are captured by, â€Å"a huge creature in the likeness of a man, black of colour, †¦ with eyes like coals of fire and eye-teeth like boar’s tusks and a vast big gape like the mouth of a well. Moreover, he had long loose lips like camels’, hanging down upon his breast and ears like two Jarms falling over his shoulder-blades and the nails of his hands were like the claws of a lion.† This monster begins eating the crew, beginning with the Reis (captain), who is the fattest. (Burton notes that the giant â€Å"is distinctly Polyphemus†). Sinbad hatches a plan to blind the beast (again, obvious parallels with the story of Polyphemus in Homer’s Odyssey), with the two red-hot iron spits with which the monster has been kebabing and roasting the ship’s company. He and the remaining men escape on a raft they had constructed the day before. However due to the Giant’s mate most of the escaping men are hit by rocks and killed. After further adventures (including a gigantic python from which Sinbad escapes thanks to his quick wits), he returns to Baghdad, wealthier than ever. The Fourth Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor Sinbad and the giant roc. Impelled by restlessness Sinbad takes to the seas again, and, as usual, is shipwrecked. The naked savages amongst whom he finds himself feed his companions a herb which robs them of their reason (Burton theorises that this might be bhang), prior to fattening them for the table. Sinbad realises what is happening, and refuses to eat the madness-inducing plant. When the cannibals have lost interest in him, he escapes. A party of itinerant pepper-gatherers transports him to their own island, where their king befriends him and gives him a beautiful and wealthy wife. Too late Sinbad learns of a peculiar custom of the land: on the death of one marriage partner, the other is buried alive with his or her spouse, both in their finest clothes and most costly jewels. Sinbad’s wife falls ill and dies soon after, leaving Sinbad trapped in an underground cavern, a communal tomb, with a jug of water and seven pieces of bread. Just as these meagre supplies are almost exhausted, another coupleà ¢â‚¬â€the husband dead, the wife alive—are dropped into the cavern. Sinbad bludgeons the wife to death and takes her rations. Such episodes continue; soon he has a sizable store of bread and water, as well as the gold and gems from the corpses, but is still unable to escape, until one day a wild animal shows him a passage to the outside, high above the sea. From here a passing ship rescues him and carries him back to Baghdad, where he gives alms to the poor and resumes his life of pleasure. (Burton’s footnote comments: â€Å"This tale is evidently taken from the escape of Aristomenes the Messenian from the pit into which he had been thrown, a fox being his guide. The Arabs in an early day were eager students of Greek literature.†) Similarly, the first half of the voyage resembles the Circe episode in The Odyssey, with certain differences: while a plant robbed Sinbad’s men of their reason in the Arab tales, it was only Circe’s magic which â€Å"fattened† Odysseus’ men in The Odyssey. It is in an earlier episode, featuring the ‘Lotus Eaters’, that Odysseus’ men are fed a similar magical fruit which robs them of their senses. Sindbad’s fifth voyage The Fifth Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor â€Å"When I had been a while on shore after my fourth voyage; and when, in my comfort and pleasures and merry-makings and in my rejoicing over my large gains and profits, I had forgotten all I had endured of perils and sufferings, the carnal man was again seized with the longing to travel and to see foreign countries and islands.† Soon at sea once more, while passing a desert island Sinbad’s crew spots a gigantic egg that Sinbad recognizes as belonging to a roc. Out of curiosity the ship’s passengers disembark to view the egg, only to end up breaking it and having the chick inside as a meal. Sinbad immediately recognizes the folly of their behavior and orders all back aboard ship. However, the infuriated parent rocs soon catch up with the vessel and destroy it by dropping giant boulders they have carried in their talons.[8] Shipwrecked yet again, Sinbad is enslaved by the Old Man of the Sea, who rides on his shoulders with his legs twisted round Sinbad’s neck and will not let go, riding him both day and night until Sinbad would welcome death. (Burton’s footnote discusses possible origins for the old man—the orang-utan, the Greek triton—and favours the African custom of riding on slaves in this way.[9]) Sinbad during sixth voyage Eventually, Sinbad makes wine and tricks the Old Man into drinking some, then Sinbad kills him after he has fallen off and escapes. A ship carries him to the City of the Apes, a place whose inhabitants spend each night in boats off-shore, while their town is abandoned to man-eating apes. Yet through the apes Sinbad recoups his fortune, and so eventually finds a ship which takes him home once more to Baghdad. The Sixth Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor â€Å"My soul yearned for travel and traffic†. Sinbad is shipwrecked yet again, this time quite violently as his ship is dashed to pieces on tall cliffs. There is no food to be had anywhere, and Sinbad’s companions die of starvation until only he is left. He builds a raft and discovers a river running out of a cavern beneath the cliffs. The stream proves to be filled with precious stones and becomes apparent that the island’s streams flow with ambergris. He falls asleep as he journeys through the darkness and awakens in the city of the king of Serendib (Ceylon, Sri Lanka), â€Å"diamonds are in its rivers and pearls are in its valleys†. The king marvels at what Sinbad tells him of the great Haroun al-Rashid, and asks that he take a present back to Baghdad on his behalf, a cup carved from a single ruby, with other gifts including a bed made from the skin of the serpent that swallowed the elephant[10] (â€Å"and whoso sitteth upon it never sickeneth†), and â€Å"a hundred thousand miskals of Sindh lign-aloesa†, and a slave-girl â€Å"like a shining moon†. And so Sinbad returns to Baghdad, where the Caliph wonders greatly at the reports Sinbad gives of the land of Ceylon. The Seventh and Last Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor â€Å"The Caravan† from â€Å"Sinbad’s Seventh and Last Voyage.† The ever-restless Sinbad sets sail once more, with the usual result. Cast up on a desolate shore, he constructs a raft and floats down a nearby river to a great city. Here the chief of the merchants weds Sinbad to his daughter, names him his heir, and conveniently dies. The inhabitants of this city are transformed once a month into birds, and Sinbad has one of the bird-people carry him to the uppermost reaches of the sky, where he hears the angels glorifying God, â€Å"whereat I wondered and exclaimed, ‘Praised be God! Extolled be the perfection of God!'† But no sooner are the words out than there comes fire from heaven which all but consumes the bird-men. The bird-people are angry with Sinbad and set him down on a mountain-top, where he meets two youths who are the servants of God and who give him a golden staff; returning to the city, Sinbad learns from his wife that the bird-men are devils, although she and her father are not of their number. And so, at his wife’s suggestion, Sinbad sells all his possessions and returns with her to Baghdad, where at last he resolves to live quietly in the enjoyment of his wealth, and to seek no more adventures. Burton includes a variant of the seventh tale, in which Haroun al-Rashid asks Sinbad to carry a return gift to the king of Serendib. Sinbad replies, â€Å"By Allah the Omnipotent, O my lord, I have taken a loathing to wayfare, and when I hear the words ‘Voyage’ or ‘Travel,’ my limbs tremble†. He then tells the Caliph of his misfortunate voyages; Haroun agrees that with such a history â€Å"thou dost only right never even to talk of travel†. Nevertheless, a command of the Caliph is not to be gainsayed, and Sinbad sets forth on this, his uniquely diplomatic voyage. The king of Serendip is well pleased with the Caliph’s gifts (which include, inter alia, the food tray of King Solomon) and showers Sinbad with his favour. On the return voyage the usual catastrophe strikes: Sinbad is captured and sold into slavery. His master sets him to shooting elephants with a bow and arrow, which he does until the king of the elephants carries him off to the elephants’ graveyard. Sinbad’s master is so pleased with the huge quantities of ivory in the graveyard that he sets Sinbad free, and Sinbad returns to Baghdad, rich with ivory and gold. â€Å"Here I went in to the Caliph and, after saluting him and kissing hands, informed him of all that had befallen me; whereupon he rejoiced in my safety and thanked Almighty Allah; and he made my story be written in letters of gold. I then entered my house and met my family and brethren: and such is the end of the history that happened to me during my seven voyages. Praise be to Allah, the One, the Creator, the Maker of all things in Heaven and Earth!†. In some versions we return to the frame story, in which Sinbad the Porter may receive a final generous gift from Sinbad the Sailor. In other versions the story cycle ends here, and there is no further mention of Sinbad the Porter.

Lab 1: Introduction to Science

Data Interpretation Table 1: Water Quality vs. Fish Population Dissolved Oxygen| 0| 2| 4| 6| 8| 10| 12| 14| 16| 18| Number of Fish Observed| 0| 1| 3| 10| 12| 13| 15| 10| 12| 13| 1. What patterns do you observe based on the information in Table 1? -The more dissolved oxygen in the water, the more fish is observed in that area of water. 2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water. -If there is more dissolved oxygen in the water, there will be more fish present in the area the water sample is taking from. . What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis? -I would test the dissolved oxygen in different areas of water, keep track of the fish in those areas and compare the results. 4. What are the independent and dependent variables? -Independent- Dissolved Oxygen -Dependent- Fish 5. What would be your control? -No Control 6. What type of graph would be appropriate for this data set? Why? -A line graph will be appropriate because it supports the hypothesis and provide clear results. 7. Graph the data from Table 1: Water Quality vs. Fish Population (found at the beginning of this exercise).You may use Excel, then â€Å"Insert† the graph, or use another drawing program. You may also draw it neatly by hand and scan your drawing. If you choose this option, you must insert the scanned jpg image here. 8. Interpret the data from the graph made in Question 7. -The graph above shows the fish population on the Y (axis) and the dissolved oxygen on the X (axis). The fish population increases in the above graph due to more dissolved oxygen that is found in the body of water. For example: There is 0 dissolved oxygen (ppm) in the water, so there is 0 fish observed.Exercise 2: Testable Observations- Determine which of the following observations (A-J) could lead to a testable hypothesis. For those that are testable: Write a hypothesis and null hypothesis W hat would be your experimental approach? What are the dependent and independent variables? What is your control? How will you collect your data? How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)? How will you analyze your data? 1. When a plant is placed on a window sill, it grows three inches faster per day than when it is placed on a coffee table in the middle of the living room. . The teller at the bank with brown hair and brown eyes and is taller than the other tellers. 3. When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than when she does not exercise and eats unhealthy foods. 4. The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away closes at 10 pm. 5. For the past two days the clouds have come out at 3 pm and it has started raining at 3:15 pm. 6. George did not sleep at all the night following the start of daylight savings. Exercise 3: ConversionFor each of the following, convert each value into the designated units. 1. 46,756,790 mg = 46,756,790 kg 2. 5. 6 hours = 20,160 seconds 3. 13. 5 cm = 5. 31 inches 4. 47  °C = 116. 6  °F Exercise 4: Accuracy and Precision – 1. During gym class, four students decided to see if they could beat the norm of 45 sit-ups in a minute. The first student did 64 sit-ups, the second did 69, the third did 65, and the fourth did 67. 2. The average score for the 5th grade math test is 89. 5. The top 4th graders took the test and scored 89, 93, 91 and 87. 2.Yesterday the temperature was 89  °F, tomorrow it’s supposed to be 88 °F and the next day it’s supposed to be 90 °F, even though the average for September is only 75 °F degrees! 3. Four friends decided to go out and play horseshoes. They took a picture of their results shown to the right: 4. A local grocery store was holding a contest to see who could most closely guess the number of pennies that they had inside a large jar. The first six people guessed the numbers 7 35, 209, 390, 300, 1005 and 689. The grocery clerk said the jar actually contains 568 pennies. Exercise 5: Significant Digits and Scientific NotationPart 1: Determine the number of significant digits in each number and write out the specific significant digits. 1. 405000 6 or 3 2. 0. 0098 2 3. 39. 999999 8 4. 13. 00 4 5. 80,000,089 8 6. 55,430. 00 7 7. 0. 000033 2 8. 620. 03080 8 Part 2: Write the numbers below in scientific notation, incorporating what you know about significant digits. 1. 70,000,000,000 7 x 1010 2. 0. 000000048 4. 8 x10-8 3. 67,890,000 6. 789 x107 4. 70,500 7. 05 x 104 5. 450,900,800 4. 509008 x 108 6. 0. 009045 9. 0450 x 10-3 7. 0. 023 2. 3 x 10-2

Is it ethical to hire illegal immigrants in Hospitality Industry Essay

Is it ethical to hire illegal immigrants in Hospitality Industry - Essay Example But it is becoming more important now with the population topping 300 million and concerns f illegal immigration becoming a hot issue. Legal immigrants are far more accepted in the country than immigrants who enter the country illegally across the borders or water barriers. But like most concerns the nation is facing, illegal immigration has both upsides and downsides to the issue. Being a legal immigrant is a much smoother road than entering the nation illegally. Many legal immigrants enter this country to take advantage f job opportunities that are not available in their home country or to further their education at our Universities. A large number f them are employed in the hospitability industry. In fact, with each new generation f recent immigrants the average education has been rising. Legal immigrants entering the U.S. with a degree past High School is increasing. This means these people are not coming to America in search f an unskilled position such as a manual laborer or minimum wage cashier, they will be filling positions higher up in companies that may be in need f someone with these types f postgraduate educations. This also implies that these people are motivated and ready to adapt to any type f occupational environment they have been educated in. These legal immigrants want to work and want to provide a better life for themselves, their family, and the next generation to come. They like to work in hotels and restaurants because they find a good environment there especially those are studying. Studies also show that the first and second generations f immigrants do better in school than their American native counterparts and get more education-related awards. (RapidImmigration.com) With all f these advantages in education that legal immigrants bring, it seems that they will do their part in furthering the growth and evolution f America and its economy. Illegal immigrants, on the other hand, usually do not have most f the immediately visible advantages that legal immigrants possess. Here in the U.S. we get many f our illegal immigrants crossing the border from Mexico to the United States or coming to our country from Cuba. An estimated 700,000 immigrants enter the United States illegally every year. Many f them are undereducated; in fact 67% f the illegal immigrant populations that enter the U.S. have less than a High School education.(Wikipedia.com) Since these immigrants are undereducated they usually end up with jobs in that involve unskilled manual labor and will work for fewer wages than Americans. This has recently brought the issue f illegal immigration to the front f many political debates. With 12-20 million illegal aliens residing in the United States today, many politicians and lawmakers considered amnesty and employer sanctions as options to deal with the problem. Amnesty has been used in the past. The United States passed the Immigration Reform Control Act in 1986 which granted amnesty to over 2.25 million illegal immigrants employed in the U.S., along with employer sanctions and better border enforcement. (Djajic, Slobodan P. 605) Since they were employed, policy-makers at the time felt that they should at least make them citizens so that they can pay taxes on their income. But it does seem to send a contradictory message when at the same time you make laws that punish employers for hiring the illegal immig

INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING AND ADVERTISING Assignment - 2

INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING AND ADVERTISING - Assignment Example Social media marketing entail the use of the virtual space and mobile applications. Transition of social media to marketing communications medium is been contributed by technological drivers like the bandwidth. Internet reaches the global target market leading to increased revenues. Social media is no longer the domain of the young generation (Ellison & Shulze 2007). Older generation has continued to participate in social network sites like face book. Social Medias influence promises a marketing revolution (Clow & Baack 2004). The use of social media sites and consumers searching online is capable of getting the particulars of the products. The environmental friendly cars are likely to attract all the social markets. The best social media is becoming effective through integrative marketing. Online relationship marketing requires facilitation often process of dialogue, interaction and communication (Clow & Baack 2004). The emerging social media tools for social media marketing include webinars and real-time video training. A compelling example is the marketing campa ign by the Toyota team. The company has used social media and internet marketing to address the consumer concerns. The company has made custom products for different markets to meet the market demands around the world. The brand has also build a strong reputation and brand identity over the years. Social media has been a strong marketing tool in presenting Toyota as a strong brand. Marketing in the hotel industry is about building relationships with an aim of attracting and retaining customers. Relationship marketing is defined as marketing to protect the customer base through attracting, enhancing and maintaining customer relationships. This style of marketing suggests a paradigm shift from the traditional 4P’s. This marketing is most applicable where there is ongoing and periodic consumer demand (Clow & Baack 2004). The consumer tends to control the selection

Prospetive study of major dietry patterns and risk of coronary heart Essay

Prospetive study of major dietry patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in men (Epidemology case study) - Essay Example Two major dietary patterns were observed: prudent, which is heavy on vegetables, fruits, fish and poultry; and western, loaded with red and processed meats, refined grain, desserts, French fries, and dairy. Increased prudent patterns were found to decrease incidence of CHD while increased western pattern also increased the CHD incidence. Previous researches correlated CHD to single nutrients in the diet. This study considered overall dietary patterns in subjects for 8 years and how these relate to the occurrence of CHD within the study period. Diet plays an important role in disease as observed in disease occurrence in countries that have a distinct dietary pattern. The study is appropriate because it considers the interaction of the different components in the diet taking into consideration food preferences and habitual food use. The study is also very appropriate and timely because of the high incidence of CHD in many countries and therefore nutritional intervention by recommending changes in dietary patterns may be more acceptable to the public. In this study, exposure refers to the dietary patterns; outcome is the incidence of CHD and confounders are other risk factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, total caloric intake, age, level of physical activity, genetics. Notably, the researchers did their best to remove the effects of confounders through factor analysis. The dietary assessment came from food consumption data provided in the FFQ. The FFQ had itemized 131 items further grouped into 40 distinct categories. Factor analysis was done to derive dietary patterns. Factor analysis removes effects due to lifestyle and other risk factors therefore removing confounding effects. FFQ and factor analysis were appropriate for this type and size of experiment. FFQ was shown in previous studies to effectively determine dietary preferences while factor analysis is appropriate in determining the statistical significance by minimizing systematic errors

Qanswer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Qanswer questions - Essay Example She used her position and to fraud the consultancy. Colluding with bricks supplier they defraud the firm a total of $ 100,000. Construction of the houses was halted due to insufficient funds this was five months after the fraud had taken place. The Chief Executive Officer of the firm instructed an auditor to examine what had happened. In his report, he suggested $ 150,000 had been spent and cannot be accounted. An organization should always try to assess the state of its employees who have influential power and monitor their acts (Frederickson, n.d). Domestic problems are hard to control if one has a chance to fraud the organization. For the firm to stop future frauds of this form then it should ensure construction materials are delivered, the foreman signs and a copy sent to the finance director. Inherent risks refer to those risks that can result in the misstatement of the audit if there was no any control at all. On the other hand control risks refer to those risks that cannot be mitigated by the current internal control and would result in the misstatement of the audit. As an auditor, it is expected of you to hand-in a non-bias and sound report. According to Hindson (2011), assessing the inherent risks for the organization will help an auditor have an overview of the anticipated risks in his auditing. The risks are narrowed down when he identifies control risks. The control risks make the auditor aware of the contentious areas where risks are likely to occur and go unnoticed (Tursi, 1989). For instance, there are times when the internal control to prevent fraud cannot detect and control fraud committed by finance director. In such cases, the auditor should be very keen when analyzing any financial activities initiated and authorized by the

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 7

Project Management - Essay Example In order to ensure the success of the Scantel project, Brian Callister who is an engineer and the acting manager of CSU together with an engineer and a technician was given three months deadline to report to VIL board regarding the following: (1) expected outcome of possible technical problems; (2) assess the feasibility of developing the concept into a working prototype; and (3) plan the development tasks which would lead to the prototype stage. Based on Callister’s suggested Scantel network diagram, the researcher will analyze and identify the key factors that may contribute to the delay of project completion. In line with this matter, the researcher will provide reasons that could promote the projects’ potential risks of delays. Eventually, the researcher will provide some strategies that could keep the project done within the preferred schedule. To be able to analyze the possible cause of bottleneck in each stages of the network diagram that was proposed by Callister and eventually develop an effective strategy that could prevent the delay upon completing the Scantel project within the desired schedule. Based on the simplified network diagram proposed by Callister, the major bottleneck with regards to the Scantel project occurs more on: (1) display system; (2) the chassis & body; and (3) the lens and housing. (See Figure I – Simplified Network Diagram on page 16) The display system is referring to the simplified sub-system of the whole plan. It shows the major events that will be needed in order to manufacture, test and calibrate the end product within a specific period of time. The problem with the display system is with regards to its accuracy. Considering the fact that the time allocation for producing the lens and housing is unknown, the whole schedule based on the plan is making the display system less accurate. For instance, the time allocation for producing the lens and housing will take longer time to produce than

The 7-S framework model is suggested as a tool for identifying the Essay

The 7-S framework model is suggested as a tool for identifying the interrelationships between different aspects of corporate str - Essay Example The core notion behind the model is that effectiveness in an organization is a result of several interrelated factors (Waterman, Peters & Phillips, 1980). The framework aids to take all the knowledge of the above mentioned organizational variables which are informal, soft or does not require the purview of the senior management team. The model suggests that other than structure and strategy, style, superordinate goals (shared values), systems and skills are also important for aligning the staff to perform certain aspired organizational activities. The model thereby urges users to focus on the interactions between the 7S and propose to bring about a balance in the organization (Bhatti, 2011). Effectiveness of the 7S framework Effectiveness is perceived in diverse manners. This is possible as every individual in a team may have a distinct idea of the meaning of being effective. The task of the management in a firm is to recognize an issue which is already present in the firm. However, the issue is related to effectively diagnosing the problem. The 7S framework is effective in this case as it helps in acting as a guide to taking and making decisions as it aims to provide several suggestions and consultations with respect to issues with respect to structure and organization. This is especially necessary during the change management situations when firms need to restructure the three hard variables, systems, strategies and process. The other soft variables like style, staff, structure and superordinate goals are often neglected by the organization during the change management process and this result in failure. The model, on the other hand, serves as a useful connection to identify certain weaknesses and strengths within the 7S framework. The 7S framework highlights the fact that a change in any one of the 7S affects the other variables in the organization. It helps business leaders to understand that the manner in which interrelated elements come together during th e stage of strategy implementation (Choi et al. 2011). The 7S framework has not only been successful in helping to reorganize structures for enhanced organizational performance but also has proved to be effective in destination management. This is because the McKinsey 7S model helps in effectively implementing strategies – be it in the perspective of an organization or to enhance the image of a destination. This is because it helps in suggesting and arriving at a balance between seven interdependent factors (Oakley & Sugarman, 2013). The effectiveness of implementing the 7S model in destination management is to strategize and implement enhanced plans for marketing and changing the image of a particular place or destination. The same model was used in changing the image of Czech Republic by ably defining and explaining certain soft and hard variables like shared values or superordinated goals, strategy, system and structure, style and staffs and skills (Palatkova, 2011). In to day’s changing world, many business and management models have been rendered obsolete; but there are a few which are still practiced by most business organizations. The 7S framework is one of them. This is mainly because the model focuses on the significant function played by coordination between the hard and soft variables and thereby bringing about a balance during the stages of strategy formulation and implementation. This

The Divorcee (1930) and Its Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Divorcee (1930) and Its Challenges - Essay Example A husband has a brief extra marital affair and considers it nothing. He asks his wife for forgiveness but his wife, in order to make him realize the sensitivity of the issue, has an affair with her husband’s friend and then the husband realizes that it must mean something. The film starts with a party in New York with a number of social elite. Jerry Bernard, played by Norma Shearer, is an informal leader of the group who breaks the news of her engagement with Ted Martin, played by Chester Morris, at the party. Paul, played by Conrad Negel, is in love with Jerry and he is disappointed by the news of Jerry’s engagement with Ted. Paul gets drunk at the party and on his way home he gets into an accident and causes facial disfigurement to Dorothy, played by Helen Johnson, who was a passenger in the car. Paul gets remorseful and decides to marry Dorothy himself. On the day Paul decides to marry Dorothy in a hospital bedside ceremony, Jerry and Ted also get married and have a lavish wedding ceremony. Years pass and Ted and Jerry lead a happy married life. On the third anniversary of their marriage, Ted is compelled to go out of town for a meeting in Chicago. The friends of Ted and Jerry take them out for a party and they bring another woman named Janice Meredith, played by Mary Doran, with them. The fact that Janice accompanies them upsets Ted but they go anyway. Janice corners Ted in the kitchen and here it is disclosed that Ted and Janice had a brief affair a short time earlier. Jerry finds Ted and Janice in the kitchen with Janice’s arms around Ted. A short time later Ted admits to his wife that he had a brief affair with Janice. He justifies his position by saying that he had been drunk and the affair was nothing but an unfortunate incident. After Ted leaves for Chicago, Jerry feels upset because of the disclosure of Ted’s brief affair. To cheer her up, Don played by Robert Montgomery, Ted’s best friend takes Jerry out. Don flirt s with Jerry and Jerry responds. Ted returns from his trip a week later and he is filled with remorse. He asks for Jerry’s forgiveness and justifies his position by saying that the affair meant nothing. They had almost reconciled their differences when Jerry admits that she had balanced their accounts when Ted was away for the trip. She, similar to Ted, justifies her position by saying that her short lived affair meant nothing and it too should be overlooked. Jerry expects Ted to be reasonable and treat her affair as he treats his own but Ted refuses to forgive her. Jerry becomes outraged at Ted’s behavior and after arguing, both of them decide to divorce. Both of them regret the break up but due to their stubbornness, do not reconcile. Jerry has a series of affairs afterwards and years pass. Ted moves to Paris due to his job. Paul encounters Jerry in train while she was in the company of Ivan. Paul knocks Ivan out when he mistreats Jerry. Paul tells Jerry that he want s to marry her and he can even dump his wife for her. While Jerry considers Paul’s proposal, she is visited by Dorothy who asks her not to destroy her marriage. Jerry then renounces Paul’s proposal and moves to Paris. She hopes to find Ted and visits various nightclubs for that purpose. Finally she finds Ted and he is surprised to see her in Paris. Ted initially thinks that Jerry is there for her honeymoon with Paul but she says that Ted is her only read husband. At this point they finally reconcile their

LEGAL ASPECT OF CONSENT IN NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LEGAL ASPECT OF CONSENT IN NURSING - Essay Example In case that explicit consent is not available, implied consent or authorisation by primary care givers can be utilised. Legal stipulations require that nurses need to acquire consent before any major medical procedures are carried out. Legally, a person should be in senses, of the legal age of consent and able to form decisions if they are to provide consent. However, it may not be possible for the patient to make decisions if they are not of the legal age of consent, are out of senses or are affected enough not to make sane decision. In such cases, the next of kin are responsible for providing explicit consent for medical procedures. In any of these scenarios, it is the nurse’s responsibility to ensure total confidentiality as a part of essential ethical practice. Confidential information available to nurses may be used against the subject individual who was gained consent from. A breach of confidentiality may occur if the nurse provides information on the patient wi llingly or unwillingly to any unconcerned party without the patient’s consent. Nursing entails a number of different ethical and moral responsibilities much like other professions. One of the key ethical responsibilities of nurses is to ensure that consent is obtained prior to performing any routines on a patient as described by Gallagher and Hodge (2012, p38). Carvalho et al. (2011, p12) detail that it is the responsibility of nurses involved to ensure that all stakeholders including the patient and his care givers are on board in terms of consent to avoid problematic situations later. In addition to the conventional roles of nurses as carers of patients, the roles of nurses and their ethical responsibilities have been on the increase. Parahoo (2006, p469) outlines how consent is also involved in nursing research, where it is essential to obtain the patient’s or their care giver’s consent after being properly informed on how the obtained information will be ut ilised. The Royal College of Nursing (2011, p5) mandates that it must also be taken to note that the ethical dimensions of informed consent in nursing have given way in certain areas to legal principles and codes. Healthcare has required extensive ethical involvement since various procedures are risky, invasive as well as needless at times. Informed consent has been an increasing part of the healthcare sector given the need to protect the interests of the patients. The initial development as ethical guidelines has given way over time to legal practices. This has ensured that patients get to choose what kind of treatment they want to undertake for any medical condition. However, informed consent is not without its complications. Bosek and Savage (2006) relate instances where the patient is unable to express himself or herself such as in the state of a coma or in an emergency where the patient is unconscious. In such cases, legal guidelines and practices exist to ensure that the patie nt’s rights are not encroached upon in the name of necessary and indispensable action. Dimond (2009, p140) provides that this ensures that patients who are unable to speak for themselves still have their rights looked after in the realm of healthcare. Essentially informed consent and its legal and professional aspects tend to protect the interests and rights of both the nurse and the patient alike. The patient is provided with rights to choose treatment and following the applicable laws allows the nurses to avoid professional as well as legal ramifications. It is the primary responsibility of the nurse under the law to ensure that the patient is fully informed before any medical procedures begin. Wood and Wainright (2007, p35) explain that the nurse is under

Homeostatic Imbalances a person on Dialysis Might Face Essay Example for Free

Homeostatic Imbalances a person on Dialysis Might Face Essay The human body relies on homeostasis to function properly, so the body makes adjustments constantly to keep balanced within physiological limits. The kidneys in the urinary system are a major workhorse in keeping the body in balance. They regulate the ionic composition of blood, pH of blood, blood volume, blood pressure, blood glucose, production of hormones, and excretion of foreign materials and waste products (Jenkins Tortora, 2013). If this process fails or there is impairment (renal failure), then a person relies on dialysis to artificially clean the blood, remove excess fluid and electrolytes. The patient will have to go to a facility to have this done on a routine schedule. The dialysis machine uses dialysate solution to maintain diffusion gradients that help with removing waste and add other substances; meanwhile the patient will also be heparinized to prevent clotting during the procedure. Patients with renal disease or renal failure have a lot of electrolyte imbalances and most commonly will present hyperkalemia (too much calcium). The excess calcium can cause arrhythmias. After dialysis the patient usually will have severe cramping due to the shift in pH and removal of excess fluids (concentration). Patients are at risk for thrombosis, urine retention or incontinence, insomnia, imbalanced glucose, dehydration and hypertension. Homeostasis is key for all systems of the body to function, including temperature regulation. The enzymes have a specific range in which they can work. The patient can help their situation by strictly following a prescribed diet; including proper hydration and getting enough exercise and sleep (Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease. Connection Between Salt and Water in Maintaining Blood Volume and Blood Pressure Changes Water and salt play an important part in blood volume and blood pressure. The first step in regulation of blood volume is in the kidneys; where water and salt are excreted into the urine, based on the needs of the body. One factor controlling water and salt is based on hormone response. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) hormones effect the release on water and salt into the urine. Sodium is controlled by angiotensin II along the  proximal tubule, loop of Henle and the distal tubules. Aldosterone in the collecting tubules also stimulates sodium to move from the tubules into the interstitium, bringing water along as well and increasing blood volume, thus increasing blood pressure. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is on the end of the distal tubules and allows for more water resorption. Water will reenter the interstitium if the existing is hypertonic by way of osmosis to reduce water loss and urine volume. High blood volume increases blood pressure, which increases the blood flowing through the kidneys (Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts, n.d.). This increases the glomerular filtration rate which will put more water and salt into the urine and then lower the blood volume and reduce the blood pressure because of a higher/faster rate of processing. Homeostasis is always trying to be achieved. References Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. (n.d.). CVPhysiology. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP025.htm Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease. (n.d.). Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from https://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_bone/guide6.htm Jenkins, G. W., Tortora, G. J. (2013). Anatomy and physiology: from science to life (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Development of a UAV for Team Purpose

Development of a UAV for Team Purpose Career Episode 3 CE 3.1 Introduction During my final year of my Bachelors Degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering I made a project known as Loon Copter. This was a group project as it held a lot of importance in my career. It was completed in the allocated 6 months semester duration of my 8th i.e. final semester of my engineering. I completed my bachelors degree in engineering from Medi Caps Institute of Science Technology, Indore, India. My project guide was Prof. Sachin Puntambekar. CE 3.2 Background The primary need for this project is for the development of a UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) which can be used for collaborative teaming purposes. The main intension behind configuration of this loon copter was to develop a UAV suitable for operations in dangerous situations like in forests or urban areas. They are mostly termed as MAV i.e. micro air vehicle. To keep the replacement cost low, the overall cost and complexity of the MAV should be kept low. Thus, components used by remote control flight hobbyists should be accessible for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) should be the area of target. It is a cost-effective project with future scope. CE 3.3 The basic ideas behind this project was to make one that could be either purchased or can be built in-house. For adding new feature and functionality I had to undergo surveys that could help find out the unmet needs and that can be added to the drone. So, from my survey I decided upon a drone that is not only waterproof but that can be submerged into the water and function there. The idea was inspiring as it was creative and innovative. There has been a development on waterproof drones that could land in water with the help of air floatation devices but homemade DIY drone that could go underwater was something new. CE 3.4 Loon copter is a multi-mode vehicle which was named after a diving duck in Michigan that has the ability of traditional exploration vehicle for rescue and research work like: 1. on land: it can hold sensors that are below waters surface and it is buoyant. 2. in air: it can hover over large areas like traditional drones. 3. underwater: it can replace the remotely operated underwater vehicles i.e. ORVs. The objective and aim behind this project is that using the combination of aerial, underwater and on surface in a single drone that would help to develop new possibilities. Due to its size and its feature of underwater use it can travel large distance in short span of time when compared to submarines. It also has the feature to enable sensor loitering over large area of interest to hover upon as a multi-copter when compared to a winged aircraft. CE 3.5 For the development of this loon copter I had to start with various research work and had to look at the problem statements. I started by undergoing various literature review from various engineering technology magazines and from the internet. Then my duties as a team leader, further involved diving the entire project into various parts and designing of its structure and work flow so that I could assign it accordingly to my team mates. I had to divide the project in parts along with assigning time slot for it so that the whole project is completed on time. The later part involved deciding upon the component requirement based on its precision to work and its ability. Then preparation of schematic diagram for the hardware had to be done so that I could start with the implementation of the hardware outer structure based on the layout designed for the PCB i.e. printed circuit board. I had to look at all the safety rules and regulation and take proper measures when needed as being a team leader. And then it involved the final software coding part so that the project comes alive. At the end, it ended with a preparation of a small presentation along with detailed description of the project in the report. CE 3.6 Professional Engineering Activity After involving in research on various loon copters, I involved myself in designing rationale of the 3D model of loon copter. It generally uses a design that makes use of an open-air mount for electronics systems. A watertight box had to be installed in the electronic system so that the quad can be submergible in water. In my project, I bought an outdoor surge box which was used as the watertight box for the exterior frame of the quadcopter. It was suitable for my system due to its large volume that was enough to hold the flight controller along with the mounts for the arms along with being light enough in terms of weight for the flight. The box can be designed in customized form to house electronics in the outdoor environment such that it has gaskets that are surrounded on the outer side of the box.ÂÂ   This helps to open and close as per the need and requirement to the interiors of the box along with keeping it watertight at the time of flight or submersion. Below Diagram shows the 3D model of my project loon copter. CE 3.7 The next step involved designing of the arm which was made up of ÂÂ ½ inch PVC piping that are connecting the watertight electric housing box to the rotors and the flight motors. PVC was chosen as it is light in weight and strong and can be waterproofed by applying PVC cement. And the wires can pass through them as they are hollow. The main issue with the arms is the buckling force at the PVC tube at its hub connection point. It is calculated based on the following formula: They are fixed at the connection point and the motors will be used to apply the force at the end, and using the following formula the buckling force is calculated to be 5440 lbf. CE 3.8 The next stage was about selecting the propeller and for that the load that the quadcopter will lift had to be considered and was the main concern. For my project the all up weight (AUW) would be approx. 2.5kg i.e. 5.5 lbs. considering the safety factor and versatility of the quadcopter, it should be able to lift double the AUW. Thus, propeller was designed to lift at least ÂÂ ½ the AUW. For this the most convenient was to use long propeller with slow spinning rate. It involved a lot of trial and error methods in terms of the size and pitch. The later process was the selection of the motor that would run the whole system. It was selected based on the weight and the type of propeller and bearing in mind the AUW of the quadcopter. So, looking at the calculation of 2.5kg AUW and 12 x 3.5 prop, a minimal 708kv/motor was required to lift at least 5kg of weight. And with this criterion, I found a motor that could be used for this process that was Aero sky performance brushless multi-rotor motor MC2217 of 800KV. CE 3.8 After choosing the right components based on its requirement and looking at various calculations, I then started with working on the wiring and the connection of the hardware structure of the quadcopter. The wiring diagram can be seen below. It can be said that the drone was designed and implemented using this wiring schematic diagram and it was such that it weighs 8 pounds and the motors and propellers were purchased within the assigned budget. Also, a ballast was constructed to increase its natural buoyancy from -1.5lbs to +3lbs of the craft and it can be adjusted to -2lbs. The arms could yield 5000 times higher to the expected max. load which was much higher than that was required. The deflecting arms wouldnt have any effect on the propellers too. CE 3.9 Therefore, after its complete design and structure it self-stabilized with the help of arrays of sensors integrated on it. The camera attached and mounted at the top of it are used to provide surveillance of the terrain and the loon copter attains an appropriate lift. The remote controller is used to give commands to the copter so that it can work and function as per the user requirements. The areas that are in-accessible to humans physically can be reached using this loon copter and it will provide a real-time audio-video transmission. CE 3.10 There were certain difficulties I faced while executing this project like first was to stabilize the flight, when I used an aluminum frame there was no stability and the frame didnt absorb the vibrations of the motor. So, to overcome that problem I used PVC. The other problem faced was with the weight of the frame. Due to the use of wooden frame, more power was required to lift such heavy weight. So, for that I made use of powerful motors with the velocity of 980KV and 18000rpm approx. so they could easily lift the whole structure. The third problem that occurred during this project was the concern of power supply. As the motor that was used was more powerful so it would in the end require high power for execution and for that regular batteries would not be sufficient. Therefore, I made use of lithium polymer battery also known as LiPo battery that was fulfil my requirement of battery that would provide 2000-2200 mAh current rating approximately. CE 3.11 Summary It can be further extended to monitor hazardous parameters like overheat or gas leakage. One can apply SMS technology to send commands for it to function. It can be used to have a feature like it can be expanded to control the air and mobility of air power roles and for cross governmental cooperation. These are few examples. Overall, after this project I learned to manage a team and how to handle tough situations. I had to coordinate with my project guide as well as the team mates. I had to keep a balance of work and keep into account all the progress that was made. I applied a lot of my engineering knowledge into this project and in return I also gained relevant knowledge though rigorous and intensive research and analysis on various components and related topics. It was a great learning experience. At the end a detailed project report was made on my project.

The Influence Of Martin Luther King Jr Cultural Studies Essay

The Influence Of Martin Luther King Jr Cultural Studies Essay Martin Luther King, Jr., a Baptist preacher born months before the crash of 1929 that led the Great Depression, is perhaps best known for leading this country to end segregation. After years of nonviolent struggle, including boycotting buses in Montgomery, and a march on Washington, King gave a speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial that changed the world. Many scholars believe that Kings speech was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. I believe the inspiration came from sources much closer to home. The Declaration of Independence, by Abraham Lincoln, and the Bible are the sources that I believe to have fundamentally inspired Martin Luther Kings speech, I Have a Dream. As a child raised in a middle-class neighborhood, King had more privileges than most of his peers. He was heavily influenced by his father, a preacher, and his mother, a teacher. He had mild run-ins with segregation in his childhood. He was forced to attend school separate from his childhood friends and eventually, he and his friends were no longer allowed to play together. From the research of his life, there appears to be one event that made a lasting impression upon King. After a speech competition in Valdosta, Georgia, King had received a second place prize, but his victory was short-lived. During the long bus ride home, the blacks were made to stand so that white riders could sit. It seemed that even though the Civil War ended in 1865, over 80 years later the black man was not much further along than in the days directly following the war. It makes me wonder were Lincolns efforts on the part of the slave all in vain? On August 28, 1963, King began his speech with the same four words as Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address; perhaps this was to remind us of Lincolns shared vision. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. This reference to Lincolns speech is perhaps more meaningful since King was speaking in front of the Lincoln Memorial during this address. History states that Lincolns authority and position were granted to him by the Declaration of Independence. In that document, our founding fathers declared, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. By reminding the listeners, including the millions watching his speech on television, King hoped to jump-start his audiences minds in to agreement with him by joining his argument with those of the founding fathers and Abraham Lincoln. King uses the agreement with the founding fathers and Lincoln to strengthen his civil and legal argument as basis to his premise that things were not yet as they should be. To strengthen his moral argument further, and perhaps most interestingly, King seems to have numerous biblical references within the text of his speech. This should not be that surprising, given that he had been the son of a preacher and preacher himself since the age of 17. However, it seems important that the first opportunity for a black man to address the nation for all of the wrongs done to his people, that King decided to quote from the bible. King chose to take the high road in this speech. He could have ridiculed America for its treatment of black men and women, but instead he reminded us all to relinquish the cup of hostility by saying, Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. This phrase reminds us of Jeremiah 2:13: For my people have committed two evils: they have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, cracked cisterns that can hold no water. He reminds us of our history, our past release from captivity, referring to slavery, but he is encouraging us not to choose hatred and return to bondage. Kings words, It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. refer to the promise of Psalms 30:5: For his anger is but for a moment; his favor is for a lifetime. Weeping may linger for the night, but joy comes with the morning. While it seems that the Lord has been angry with us, by allowing our continued oppression, King says to America, he reminds us that we are not finished. That although the chains of captivity may have been lifted by Lincoln, they are not yet removed. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream, refers to Amos 5:24, But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream. Kings then offers up a vision that all the listeners and viewers by television can grasp, I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together, is almost a direct quote of Isaiah 40:4-5: Every valley shall be exalted, and very mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. King closed his speech by applying the inspiring words of Galations 3:28, And when this happens, . . . we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, free at last, free at last, thank God Almighty, Im free at last. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. Martin Luther King, Jr. helped right a nation. Given the chance to cast stones, he chose instead to cast a vision. A vision that one day men and women in America would actually one day be equal and free to pursue life, liberty, and happiness. This vision is not new. Our Biblical history tells us that Jesus cast the same vision before us thousands of years ago. Throughout the bible, God gave his people a choice between life and death. By standing on the promises of the Declaration of Independence, the actions of Abraham Lincoln, and the tenets of the bible, Kings speech, I Have a Dream speech simply reminded us to choose life, to appreciate life, and to respect our brothers and sisters no matter their race or creed.

Ethical And Legal Aspects On Organ Transplantation Essay -- Organ Dona

Ethical And Legal Aspects On Organ Transplantation Recent reports of public figures receiving life-saving transplants have brought renewed attention to the scarcity of organs and the importance of organ transplants. Although more transplants are being performed in the United States each year the transplant waiting list continues to grow. It has been considered that the decrease in organ donors is due to the unsuccessful measures taken by health care professionals. This is a limited view of the matter because health care professionals are not directly responsible for the policies and other guidelines for procuring organs. The general population does not have the interest of suffering individuals at heart when it comes to donation. Instead, the interest lies with respecting individual autonomy and dead bodies. I strongly believe that the attention needs to focus on the next-of-kin or health care proxies communication with an individual who wants to be a donor. Health care proxies are designated individuals who speak on one's behalf, an d agree to put forward the type of medical intervention one wishes to have when one is no longer able to speak for oneself. The focus of public policy related to organ donation has been solely on the individual donor and recipient. However, there is a dire need to analyze and recommend changes to some of the current guidelines. For example, one of major reasons for the decrease in organ donation is the next-of-kin's ability to override the decision to donate. Secondly, current policies for distributing organs favor a pattern least likely to save lives: The allocation guidelines give top priority to the sickest patients regardless of their prognosis. I interpret the allocation guidelines as som... ...iteria for Evaluating Potentail Transplant Recipient Vary Among Centers." JAMA 269 (1993): 3091-3094. "Organ Donation: Social and Cultural Issues." Nursing Standards 41 (1995): 25-29. "Legal Framework for Organ Donation and Transplantation." Nursing Clinic of North America 24 (1989): 837-849. The Partnership for Organ Donation. "Hospitals Can Do More to Increase Donation." http://www.transweb.org/partnership/press.html ubc. (March 1996). The Public Health and Welfare, Chp. 7, subchapter 11, part A of 1986, 42 U.S.C.A. Section 1320b-9. University of Chicago Hospital's Policy. "UCH Organ and Tissue Donation Policy." http://www.hooked.net/users/chartsf/txp/txphome. htm # chrono. (27 Feb. 1996) Yale Biomedical Text. "Organ Trafficking Perspective from UNOS." http://www.info.med.yale.edu:70/11/disciplines/disciplines/transplant.htm (5 Aug. 1995).

Social Work Interventions and Strategies to promote Health Rights ? A Panel Discussion :: essays research papers

Social Work Interventions and Strategies to promote Health Rights –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Panel Discussion Ragland Remo Paul* Introduction: Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the General Assembly of the United Nations on the 10th December 1948 states as follows; â€Å"(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.† This is the basis on which the concept note of this conference has been formulated. People’s Health Assembly on the 8th December 2000 endorsed the People’s Charter for Health, which states as follows, â€Å"HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT – Health is a reflection of a society’s commitment to equity and justice. Health and human rights should prevail over economic and political concerns. This Charter calls on people of the world to: 9. Support all attempts to implement the right to health. 10. Demand that governments and international organizations reformulate, implement and enforce policies and practices, which respect the right to health. 11. Build broad-based popular movements to pressure governments to incorporate health and human rights into national constitutions and legislation. 12. Fight the exploitation of people’s health needs for purposes of profit.† Violations or non-existence of human rights and in specific in health rights is not a result of any single factor. Health is not merely a physical issue. It is a social, economic and political issue and above all a fundamental human right. Inequality, poverty, exploitation, violence and injustice have been instrumental in the violation of health rights for the poor and marginalized (and in some cases the rich and those with access to health care.) Here today at this panel discussion we are going to try and explore the interventions and strategies that we as social workers can do to promote health rights. This paper does not claim to provide for the entire list of interventions and strategies to promote health rights, but will certainly look at some critical areas. The main attempt of this paper is to set our minds thinking in this critical area of human rights, to innovate and formulate strategies to promote health rights.

Coca-Cola Essay

Coke has been the leader in the soft drink industry for decades. Coke has a strong customer loyalty base, while appealing to new customers through effective marketing. In recent years, the soft drink industry has changed with consumers becoming more health conscious. With the consumer market changing, soft drink sales have dropped and the demand for healthy drinks are in demand. To be able to make up the difference of the drop in sales, Coca-Cola needed to come up with some innovative new products and marketing strategies that would appeal to a new market of the beverage industry. In the last decade, PepsiCo. has gained leverage on Coca-Cola, because Pepsi made beverages that appealed to the changing consumer market. In two thousand-four, Pepsi owned fifty-two point three percent of the market in China after Coke produced a plant there (SinoCast, 2004). Coca-Cola has faced struggles in the past decade due to the lack of effective marketing and new product development. The individuals that were making the decisions for Coca-Cola were focusing on their best seller Coke and Diet Coke, and discovered that two products were not enough to keep the corporation running. When using the PESTEL analysis, the first key component is to do an environmental scan (Finch, 2012). PESTEL is an acronym known as the six environmental factors which are the framework (Finch, 2012). The six environmental factors are political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (Finch, 2012). The PESTEL analysis is based upon understanding forces and trends and can pertain to any given industry (Finch, 2012). Coca-Cola did not do any environmental scan, and solely relied upon the traditional beverages and marketing that Coca-Cola had always used. oke 2. PepsiCo not only began to distribute health conscious beverages, such as juices, teas, coffees, and water they also began distributing snack foods. PepsiCo has even implemented a relationship with schools which incorporates responsible advertising practices, like offering healthy foods and beverages. PepsiCo also became a member of the International Food & Beverage Alliance, which has to be met by certain stan dards in food and beverage distribution. The proper execution of the PESTEL analysis is a tool that would give PepsiCo an advantage as it delves in market penetration, market development, and product development. The PESTEL analysis would confirm market trends, and internal and external factors, which would allow the organization to do more specific research and create the ability to make adjustments in order to reflect a gain in the industry. The PESTEL analysis is the answer as to how PepsiCo had the ability to act on a changing market and fully benefit from the changing market. A decade ago Coca-Cola began its struggle in the beverage industry, when reality hit Coca-Cola made adjustments, offered new products and adapted to the market. Five years from now, Coca-Cola has to remain competitive by changing with the market, and producing products that appeal to the current consumer interest. Not only will Coca-Cola have to be creative with products, marketing is also another challenge. Marketing has changed with technological advances, today marketing is more than a television commercial, or a billboard there are now various channels and strategies in hich to reach and appeal to consumers. Coca-Cola is known for sticking to traditional marketing and product, which has eventually put them behind their competitor. Technology is utilized in many different forms and will continue to increase as technology is an ever changing industry. Technology is a tool that should be utilized it can be cost effective and reach a new market segment. The weakness of the beverage industry is that consumers continue to become more health conscious, even down to the ingredients that make the food or beverage they are consuming. There have been studies done that lead researchers to believe that aspartame causes cancer. There are studies that lead researchers to believe that Splenda in large and prolonged quantities can also lead to cancer. These ingredients are commonly used in different types of beverages that are distributed by various companies. With the recent studies of various ingredients, the government controls food and beverage production which also means that everything has to be made public knowledge (on a label). The strengths are that of which Coca-Cola has the ability to produce beverages that appeal to the health conscious consumer. The investment into new products will allow Coca-Cola to remain competitive and appeal to new consumers as well. Along with new beverages, Coca-Cola should also explore new avenues in to growing markets and invest in them. With the financial power that Coca-Cola the investment to tap into new frontiers. There are many opportunities for growth given that marketing and product development are the focus of the future of the company. oke 4. The future of Coca-Cola relies upon the decision to continually evaluate the six major factors into success and future success of any business. Frequent environmental scanning is necessary to execute the analysis of how and what changes need to be made. With the constant adjustments to product development and marketing strategies in place to accompany the changing times, it enables the best utilizations of products and marketing.

Ink and Paper Communication Essay

People say that the art of letter writing is dead. But my idea of heaven is writing a letter to a dear friend in a far away town, a note to my cousin saying â€Å" thankyou † for the dinner we had this weekend, a fan letter to the writer whose story I read and admired. I love to write something, be it a short story, a poem, a serious article or just letters. It is so magical to gather the right words and put them together on the paper†¦ I write a couple of letters a day, and suffer from bouts of guilt, thinking I may perhaps be over burdening my friends and relatives with my written material. Letters have been very important in my life, those that I have written and received. I have treasured the ones which are very dear to me, to read them again and again reveling in the magical spell they cast on me every time unfolding something new. It was a hobby that started from my childhood, when I wrote letters to my school friends, teachers, relatives and strangers as well. I std lX, when suddenly half the nation was consumed by the passion of acting, I too was one of them. I wrote my first fan letter to the great ‘Amitabh Bachchan’ and received from him a typed reply and his autographed photograph. His letter, the special handmade greeting card, and the letters written by my friends are the most treasured possession. Recently when I revealed my letter writing habbit to my friend, I was told, †but my dear, no one writes letters anymore! Where’s the time?† Agreed! I know people who never write letters for whom its just a waste of time. How easy it is to reach for the telephone type a few digits and talk to person miles away from you†¦ no pondering over thoughts no addressing of envelopes and no waiting for response. No doubt, the telephone is more efficient and instant but I doubt whether it is, on the whole as effective as a letter. Letters have a certain power, your heartbeat ticks rhythmically with every comma and a full stop†¦ you can preserve a letter , read it study it, carry it around like a cherished possession. It is not momentary as a telephone call, quickly done and quickly forgotten. As I have grown over years, I have matured and hopefully become wiser. I have learned to think twice before dropping a letter written in a melancholic mood. I have regretted it because by the time the letter is received the gloominess is banished and then one is left anxiously thinking about the reaction at the other end. There were moments when shyness led me to writing letters. I would have never been able to make friends with strangers had I not been a keen writer. I cannot dream of calling up a writer, actor, painter whose work I admire, until and unless I know them personally. But without hesitation I write them letters of appreciation, and if my letter is welcomed, it is answered and if not, I’ve got nothing to lose. Its funny but I’ve maintained friendships solely through letters that may, I fear, break if there is a face to face encounter. So keep in touch. The pen and paper you use does not matter— the voice coming from the heart does. The next time when you write a letter notice for a second the magical tune that your pen plays on your paper , the rhythm of the flow of your thoughts, like the first raindrops touching the mother earth. You feel as if you are actually sitting in front of the other person reading out thoughts, collecting thoughts, coloring them with ink and presenting them paper to loved ones†¦.. anxiously waiting for the reply†¦. Letters have their special brand of magic.

Jane Austen’s View on Men: The Contrasts of the Gentlemen Essay

What Brabourne has astutely perceived is not only Austen’s ability to tell extraordinary stories about ordinary people, but also her penchant of revealing, through her works, the various aspects of the nature and behaviour of men and women. Jane Austen is regarded as one of the leading novelists of her era. Some of her most notable works include Pride and Prejudice, Emma and Sense and Sensibility. A common element that the reader will find in all these novels is the author’s attempt to explore the many facets of the human temperament. It is widely accepted that Austen’s novels delve into the consciousness of the female mind and the factors that govern their behaviour. Through her complex female characters, she expressed her own views and outlooks and displayed subtle hints of feminism. But what many readers fail to discern is her tendency to analyse the qualities of her male counterparts. The word â€Å"gentleman† has lost some of its profundity in the world as it exists today. But a gentleman in the pre-Victorian era was considered to be a man of principles and values. Not only did he conduct himself in a manner most chivalrous and civil but also possessed a polite and sophisticated demeanour, and more often than not, the luxury of wealth. One might have been a gentleman by birth, which would include a man born in a noble and respectable family, enjoying a higher status in society as compared to the commoners. Therefore, one might say that social position and family were major attributes considered while terming someone a gentleman. Such men seldom indulged in work or manual labour and lived mainly off of the property and wealth that was bequeathed to them. A man could also acquire the title of a gentleman by exhibiting the traits required to be possessed by one. Such men worked their way up the social ladder by attaining wealth and status, mingling with people of noble upbringing and developing a courteous and refined disposition. In order to fully comprehend as well as appreciate the implication and significance of Jane Austen’s works, it is highly imperative to consider her novels in the light of how they reflected upon her views regarding â€Å"gentlemen†, as well as men in general. Without analysing the role that men play in the novels of Jane Austen, it would not be feasible for the reader to recognise the complete magnitude of her works. By inspecting Austen’s point of view regarding men, the reader can gain an insight into the diverse qualities that men exhibit, in addition to the relationships and experiences in Austen’s own life that govern her characters. Further it also allows us to relate to the men in our own lives. The reader will find numerous instances wherein Austen has endeavoured to explicate upon her notions regarding men. She has examined many characters of diverse natures in order to establish the different types of gentlemen that existed in the society of her times. Austen frequently used comparison and contrast as a means of expressing her views lucidly. She brought into the picture two gentlemen of varying natures, and by weighing one against the other, ascertained the distinctive characteristics displayed by them. Jane Austen’s scrutiny of men is limited not only to their physical appearance, but extends to their emotional and mental conditions. She has examined and judged men based on their intelligence, their sense of morality, their aptitude and their financial situation. Conclusion: The society that existed during Jane Austen’s life and times was primarily a patriarchal one. Men wore the pants and controlled all the major affairs. Through her works, Austen has attempted to deconstruct this society and give her readers a glimpse into the circumstances of the time. Her works have also permitted us to identify with her own thoughts and notions regarding society, the role of women and also her views on men. She has employed characters of varying dispositions, in each of her works, to attain the said objective. Her works including Pride and Prejudice, Emma and Sense and Sensibility are all examples of such works. In Pride and Prejudice, the reader will find that the two focal characters that Austen has used to illustrate her approach are Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy and George Wickham. The two men are largely represented through the eyes of Ms. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel. While Mr. Darcy is at first portrayed as a prejudiced, condescending and supercilious individual, the latter is depicted as being more congenial and gracious. Both however, had grown up under the same roof. The disparity shown in the two gentlemen’s natures suggests that even though two persons may be brought up to imbibe the same sets of values and traditions, it is quite possible that they may turn out quite different from one another. The rearing of a person often has a less considerable impact upon him than his own innate character. But ultimately, what Elizabeth and the readers discover is that a man cannot be judged simply by his appearance. Wickham, who appears to be polite and quite the gentleman is revealed to be a treacherous and perfidious person on account of his deceitful actions. On the other hand, we realize that Mr. Darcy is the true gentleman, a man of honour, fidelity and sincerity. By contrasting the characters of Darcy and Wickham, time and again, Austen has shrewdly imparted knowledge as to the attributes of an honest man and a true gentleman. Emma is another one of Jane Austen’s works that provides us with an insight into the diverse natures displayed by men. Here the distinguishing factor lies in the way in which a man puts his mental and intellectual qualities to use. Further, it also elucidates the importance that a gentleman would ascribe to his social and moral responsibilities. While George Knightley uses his intellect for the purpose of doing good Frank Churchill uses his mental capabilities for selfish and unethical reasons. The former is driven by his sense of responsibility towards society as well as the cause of morality; the latter is driven by corrupt intentions that would benefit no one but himself. In Sense and Sensibility, Austen employs the characters of Colonel Brandon and John Willoughby to demonstrate the essence of gentlemanly behaviour. The conduct of a man, particularly towards women is a crucial feature in determining his potential for being called a gentleman. Willoughby, although suave, handsome and an epitome of the young, charming men that women covet, is far from being a gentleman. Brandon is the gentleman, having comported himself in that manner. They are both in love with the same woman and yet it is their behaviour towards her that causes to differentiate between them. An element of emotion has been brought into play here by the author, wherein she establishes the disparate nature of the two men by depicting one as kind and thoughtful, and the other as unsympathetic and callous. The above mentioned works reveal different facets of a man’s nature that would endow him with the privilege of being referred to as a gentleman. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen has proved that it is the conduct and behaviour of the men that distinguish them from one another. In Emma, she reveals her belief that it is the aspect of how one uses his mental faculties that brings out the true gentleman. Understanding one’s moral duties and ensuring that one is faithful to them is a sign of an absolute gentleman. And lastly, in Sense and Sensibility, emotional and behavioural traits define a gentleman. Austen here discloses her standpoint about the significance of a man’s conduct and the virtues of being considerate and sympathetic in establishing his being a gentleman. At the end of all three novels, it is the true gentleman that succeeds in winning over his love, confirming that Jane Austen was of the opinion that it is always the noble, well-mannered, kind and moral man that is ultimately victorious.

Effectiveness of Time and Financial Management Essay

The researchers chose 7 different scholars to conduct a survey about the chosen topic. Most of the respondents came from student assistant’s category and the others came from the category of academic scholars. These scholars were given scholarships from Ozanam Study Grant Program and Megaworld Foundation. On the range of their ages, 17-22 years old were the students who were given an opportunity they wanted to have. The scholars being interviewed have a daily allowance of more or less 150 pesos. On the Graph 1.1 being shown below are some of the expenses of the following students. Graph 1.1 A little number of respondents said that they stay in boarding houses that cost them Php 1,600 to Php 1,700. Literally, the cost was being solved by their parents. 3 out of 7 students said that both of their parents are self-employed. 1 respondent said that his/her parents run a business and another corresponds to unemployed parents. The rest of the students match up on other answers like their father/mother neither is an overseas Filipino worker, a tricycle driver, a plain housewife nor was deceased. Researchers proceed to the monthly income of their parents in able to measure the financial background of each and every respondent. Graph 1.2 illustrates the possible monthly income of the parents of these learners. Graph 1.2 As you can see, there is an equality of 14,000 and lower and 15,000-20,000 income. It is based on the survey being conducted by the researchers and from the occupation of their parents. On the part of their financial management, they spent the biggest part of their allowance for their food (50%) followed by their transportation and some other expenses. This shows that food is very important especially for the scholars like them. Food is an essential and they must not ignore because of the responsibilities they have in the university. The primary reason of the pupils asked in preferring themselves in being a scholar of Adamson University is that because they wanted to help their parents in decreasing the expenses. In this reason, an individual can determine that financial or money matters are the first basis in order for them to have financial management. Other reasons are for them to gain independency. The effectiveness of financial management is measured by proper usage of money and thinking a creative way of using up money. The researchers also find ways on evaluating time supervision of scholars. Because of a more number of student assistants being interviewed, most of their time is allotted on their duties. Here is Graph 1.3 that shows how long an ordinary scholar uses his /her time in the university. Graph 1.3 Take a look of the graph that has been illustrated by the researchers. Student D and F are academic scholars. According to the information gathered from the survey, these students are academic scholars. As academic scholars, their worlds are focused on studying. They usually spend time in resting, studying and even have a time for leisure. On the other hand, the remaining students (A, B , C and E) make use of their time in duties and offices. Equalizing time in each activity of a student like them is not easy to do. Like on the Graph 1.3, student assistants are divided in different opinions. Some of them were able to balance their time and others cannot. Same answer was derived by academic scholars. However, they also answered it depends on the situation. Situations are unpredictable and make equalization of time in different planned activities. Somehow, all of them have a time for rest and have a break after long hours from school. Lastly, as a scholar, grade is the most important or basis in acquiring scholarships. Grades of these scholars are not affected by activities being done in school. Therefore, these learners have a good strategic measures in managing their time and studies. Conclusion Based on the presented and interpreted data above, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. That most of the scholars spend their money more on food for it is an essential need. 2. That most of the scholars wanted to help their parents to reduce the number of expenses. 3. That most of the scholars allot their time to school by doing different duties but assures that grades of them will not be affected.

Gender Equality and Islam Essay

Islam believes that a woman is not merely subject to man rather she has her own separate and complete entity in all respects. She has an equal right to that of a man to nourish her religions faculties, serve her faith, acquire education, get a job, do business, own something and benefit herself from it and prove her creativity in an enterprise. She is master of herself in all respects. The religious aspect of this fact is described in the Quran as under: â€Å"For muslim men and women, for believing men and women; for devout men and women; for men and women who are patient, for men and women who humble themselves; for men and women who give charity’ for men and women who fast; for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who remember Allah much- for them all has God prepared forgiveness and a great reward† (Al – Ahzab 33, verse 55) The characteristics mentioned in the above Quranic Verse are ten in number. These characteristics cover all aspe cts of Islam, Islamic conduct and behaviorism related to the rights of God and of human beings too. The above verse makes it clear that there is no distinction between a man and a woman in terms of worships of God, obedience to Him and the place in the life after death. In fact there is no distinction on the basis of gender. The Quran has laid down the following principle in connection with acquisition of wealth â€Å"For men is a portion of what they earn and for women is a portion of what they earn â€Å"(Al-Nisa 4, Verse32) The Sura â€Å"Al-Nisa† basically deals with matters relating to money and other issues that emerge out of the relationship of man and woman in different capacities in a family; Immediately after the above quoted verse an article from the law of legacy has been described and next comes the instructions about the mutual contacts of a husband and a wife. Hence the context makes it clear that the above mentioned verse is related to the worldly life and that a woman has equal rights to that of a man like acquiring education, doing job or a business, deal of a property and even develop her personality. There are several other Quranic verses which make it clear that there is no distinction between man and a woman on any grounds except in the bearing of a responsibility (the detail would come in later pages). Both are human beings and both have rights and privileges. God says: â€Å"I will deny no man or woman among you the rewards of their labours. You are the offspring of one another† (Al-Imran 3: Verse: 195) Through Sura Al-Tawba, God has declared all Muslim men and women as friends, companions and helpers of each other. Thus women are, in no way inferior to men rather they are friends of men and are equal to them. (However, in terms of responsibilities there can be classification, like a doctor and a teacher, under special circumstances): â€Å"The true believers, both men and women, are equal friends to each other. They enjoin what is just and forbid what is evil; they attend to their prayers and pay the Zakat and obey Allah and His Apostle. On these Allah will have merc y. He is Mighty, Wise.†(Al-Tawba 9, verse71) This is why during the prophetic period women used to acquire both religious and worldly education, do farming, take part in trade and industry and manage their wealth and property; About Aisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet, everyone knows that she has related and confirmed 2210 Hadiths (Prophet’s sayings) (Sadarat-ul-Zahab: vol.1) The books based on the compilations of the history of the days of the companions of the Apostle reveal the stories of innumerable females who had mastery over different fields of the religious knowledge rather several eminent scholars attained the knowledge of Islam from them. It was a general practice during those days people used to seek guidance from the wives of the Apostle in the matters of religion. There were besides the wives of the Apostle, certain other women too who earned repute in this field. Rabi-Bint-I-Mauz was one such famous scholar and the outstanding scholars of Islam like Abdullah-b in-Abass and Abdullah Bin Umar had been her students. Several people have related certain Hadiths through her reference. These include Salman Bin Yasir, Abad Bin walid and Nafei-Bin-Umar etc. Fatima Bint-I-Qais had been the tutor of the prominent scholars like Ibn-e-Maseeb, Urwa Bin Zubair and Shabi. (Al-Astaayab-fil-Asam-ul-Sahab) Ayesha the daughter of Saad Bin Abi-Waqas was remarkable scholar and had educated Imam Malik, Ayub Sakhtiami and Hakam Bin Ataiba. (Tazeeb-ul-tazeeb Vol. 12) Imam Shafi, the eminent jurist learnt the knowledge of Hadith from the Syeda Nafisa, the grand daughter of Hasan, the grand son of the Apostle. (Wafyat-ul-Aayam-al-Ibn-khalkan Vol 2) Same was the case of the worldly knowledge and wisdom. For example among the female companions of the Apostle several were poetess like Khansa, Saudah, Safia, Atika, Muridya, Umm-I-Aiman and several others. In the field of medicine and surgery, Rafaza Aslamia, Umm-I-Mutea, umm-I-Kabsa, Hamne Bint-I- Jahsh, Ummi-I-Athiya, Ummai Saleem and several other women won repute. (Tabqat-Ibne-Saeed, Asaba) It was a usual practice among women to get wo rldly knowledge during those days. If their number is not remarkable, it was due to lack of resources. Some ordinary women knew how to read and write and even could manage small accounts. (Tabqat Ibn-e-Saad Vol-8). Some wrote and reply letters. (Al-Adab-ul Musfi) During those days the women used to do farming and looked after their fields. In Bokhari (the collection of Hadith) Sahl Bin Sasd relates the story of a female companion of the Apostle who owned fields and gardens. She cultivated a vegetable named â€Å"Salq† near the bank of a stream and used to serve Sahl Bin Saad and others with Salq and Maize when they visited every Friday. (Bokhari) The most authenticated books on Hadith like Bokhari, Muslim, Abu-Daud and Ibni Mauja quote the statement of Jabir Bin Abdullah who narrates about her maternal aunt. She was divorced and was going through Iddat (the three months waiting period after divorce during which a woman can’t marry). She desired to sell out the fruit of her garden for her living. She consulted the Apostle who advised her to do so as in that case she would be able to give charity and do something for her redemption. This makes clear that the women, during the prophetic perod used to do farming and trade. According to Bokhari, Asma, the daughter of Abu Bakar, the first pious Caliph and the wife of Zubair used to assist her husband in farming on the fields almost two miles far from her home. Those days the women could freely take part in the trade and business activities. The most respectable woman in Muslim Ummah Khadija was a trader. Many female companions of the Apostle like Khaula. Al-khamia, Saqafia and Bint-I-Mukarrama used to trade in perfume. (Asaba-Fi-Tameez-ul-Sahaba Vol-4) Several event related in ‘Tabqat Ibn-I-Saad’ exhibit the fact muslim women during the Prophetic period used to take part in agriculture, trade and industry even without the assistance of their husbands. The wife of Abdullah Bin Masud was a good craftswoman. Once she told the Apostle that she was adept in different crafts and sold out her prepared goods. She inquired if she could spend her money on her husband and children as they have no other source of income. The Apostle told her that she would get a reward from God if she did that. It is also quoted in Al-Asaba Fil Tameez-al Sahabe Vol4) Once a woman named Khaula Bint-e-Saalba had a dispute with her husband. Both of them presented their case before the Apostle who advised the husband to keep himself away from her until the revelation of an instruction from God. At this Khula told the Prophet of God that her husband would’t be able to survive in that case as he was dependent upon her for his living. A woman named Qaila told the Apostle that she was a trader and sought his guidance in the trade matters. Another woman, Amira narrates that once she went to the market along with her maid servant and bought a fish. Ali, the fourth Caliph of Islam was also there who bought that fish from her. There are many such incidents related in ‘Tabqat Ibn-I-Saad Vol 8. The most authentic book on this subject. Souda, the Prophet’s wife was adept in the art of tanning. It is quoted in Bukhari that once her sheep died, she put its skin off, got it tanned and softened it with dates. During that period women performed several tasks collectively as well. The Bokhari kitab-ul-istehsan unfolds that once many women visited the Apostle and requested him to allocate one day in a week for their religious training. The Prophet thus accepted their request. Asma Bint-I-Zahid was good at rhetoric. Once women designated her their representative and sent to the Apostle to make some queries (Al-istaab Fi-Al-Sahab) Women were entrusted with certain responsible positions as well and they proved their worth. For example Umar, the second Caliph of Islam appointed Shafa Bint-e- Abdullah as the Price control officer.