Coral Reef Essay

Mr. KrupensHow Can We Preserve the World’s Coral Reefs Critical Thinking Questions and AnswersHow does the current state of the world’s coral reefs illustrate each of the six key themes of this book? Human population: With current state of coral reefs, we are definitely valuing the quality of life of a person living today because of the fact that coral reefs are indirectly, sometimes directly, destroyed by over fishing using the methods such as using dynamites or cyanides which causes corals to be destroyed and damaged. However we have to start thinking about the future generations. Sustainability: With current state of coral reefs, the persistence of these resources for future generations is more important because of the fact that coral reefs provide priceless economic benefits (worth $375 billion dollars) and it is slowly getting destroyed. Global Perspective: With current state of coral reefs, we have to value the environment of the entire planet otherwise numerous s pecies of sea organisms, such as fishes, will lose their home which may cause other predators to eventually die out too. This will cause domino effect just by coral reefs getting destroyed around the world, which will bring huge economic and environmental effect on human. Urban World: Both human creativity and persistence of certain endangered species are important because for sure human creativity can be used to save the endangered species. For example, using art to advertise- giving awareness about endangered species. Using science to create medications for endangered species. This means we can help save coral reefs by using human creativity. People and Nature: If people have altered the environment for much of the time our species has been on earth, the word â€Å"natural† can be referred to as places where it is undeveloped by human kind. For example, very deep in the ocean bottom. Science and Values: We need knowledge about our environment so human kind can last for longest period we can possibly stay on earth for, and in order to do that, we have to cooperate with our environment and we have to study our environment. What are the utilitarian, ecological, aesthetic, and moral justification for preserving coral reefs? Utilitarian justification: Coral reefs are associated to 1 million marine organisms. It  will help fisherman to be economically stable and healthy just by preserving coral reefs as well as merc hants who live off by tourists. Ecological Justification: Coral reefs are associated with 1 million marine organisms. Some of the marine organisms that are associated with coral reefs go directly to our stomach. In addition, reef fish constitute about 15% of the entire world wide catch. Aesthetic Justification: There is countless of tourists who appreciate the beauty of nature. Millions of tourists from around the world who flock to reef areas to fish, swim, dive, and enjoy their beauty. Moral Justification: Coral reefs has moral rights to not get destroyed and stay healthy because coral reefs that exist today are 5,000 to 10,000 years old. Also by taking the brunt of the force of waves, coral reefs protect coastlines from erosion, function that is estimated to be $50,000 per year, which may be more than some people’s yearly salary. They already are associated to millions of marine organisms too, so they definitely have their rights to not get destroyed or harmed. If Maitri were making his living by fishing rather than farming shrimp, how might he view the preservation of coral reefs? What ar rangements could be made to meet his needs but at the same time preserve coral reefs in his area? Maitri will definitely have positive instinct on preserving the coral reefs because coral reefs will soon provide his living. As said, coral reefs are associated with about 1 million marine organisms and 15% of the entire worldwide catch is reef fish. In order for him to meet his needs and preserve coral reefs is to limiting himself on the amount that his catching per year, but about to making living out of it. Also he should not use dynamite and cyanide methods to catch fishes. In addition, he should definitely be aware about not to destroy or pry apart the coral reefs while fishing in any methods that he choose to. What things can you do in your everyday life to contribute to the preservation of coral reefs? For me, as a student, all I can contribute to the preservation of coral reefs are to conserve water (less waste water dumped in ocean), reduce pollution (help reduce ocean warming), dispose my trash properly (no water is polluted), use only ecological or organic fertilizers (so ocean is not polluted), volunteer for a coral reef cleanup, practice safe and responsible diving and snorkeling (so no coral is harmed or destroyed), and especially spread the word.

A Summer Tragedy Essay

Arna Bontemps uses the conventional plot structure in â€Å"A summer Tragedy† to present the theme of being hopelessness and desperation, a genuine love between a poor couple, loyalty, freedom, and liberation. The exposition introduces old Jeff Patton is the black share farmer who lives in the farm with Jennie, his wife, in New Orleans. Jeff and Jennie are two protagonists. Both of them are very old. He has a stroke and other body problems. They dress up their best attire to go for a journey. He cannot tie his bow by himself because of his trembled fingers. So, he calls his wife come to help him. This can be seen that Jennie is also blindness and weak health. Her body is aching. The rising action begins with a conversation that Jennie tells Jeff to bring the car while he is waiting. He doesn’t move because the mention of the car comes to his mind with intensity. He thinks about the trip that he will take with his wife. It is not a normal trip. He is so scared. His car is the rattling car. When he gets into the car, he was trembling violently. Jennie says she is ready to go. Jeff limps into the house and takes her. Jeff reminds Jennie about the door but Jennie answers that they have no reason to lock up. The rising action hints they will not come back here. They decide to flee from hopeless and despair life. During Jeff’s driving, he always thinks about his past life. He works hard for forty-five years with Major Stevenson. There is unfair labor, which can be seen by the way old man Stevenson treats his workers and even his farm animals (mules). He also thinks about his five children in a span of two years. In addition to this, they have debts which they cannot finish paying, were living in poverty and they had neighbors who they cannot trust as most of their chickens are stolen or killed from their home. Jeff realizes that he and his wife are lost for hope in their life. The falling action describes their hesitancy. Jennie is crying. She may reconsider that she does not want to leave all the things she used to. Jeff makes her calm down. He conscious that if he is still alive with a stroke, Jennie will have to look after him. Jeff’s love for Jennie is also seen, as he prefers dying than the thought of burdening her. The resolution shows that they have to get away from all this and suicide was the only thing they could think of. They wanted a life free from oppression and misery. The Pattons are going through many struggles. Death is seen as the only resolve out.

Relevance of Swami Vivekananda’s Thoughts in Management Education

Management education is a great beneficiary of Indian economic reform, where transformation from state controlled market to free market is imperative. In India, MBA degree has been perceived as a way of achieving assured careers and sound wages at early stage of life. The ambition of Indian youth today is to get a job in the business, industrial or service sectors and settle down well as early as possible. No doubt management education is needed an infusion of professional ability but the given value to society is equally important. Unfortunately, Management education in India has been so distorted and diluted in its execution as to lose nearly all the social intent. In whole spectrum, the role of intuition, value and social recognition gets short shrift in the Management education. Emphasis is only on the knowledge content, on which examination is conducted. All other useful knowledge areas and skills are vastly neglected. Like spiritual knowledge does not find an appropriate place in the curriculum. Therefore students have no opportunity to know about their faith, culture and values. The knowledge they gain is mainly bookish and is not backed by practical experience. About a century ago, Swami Vivekananda had envisioned a vision on education and had categorically pointed out that true education is not the amount of information that is put into one's brain. The human mind is not a bottomless dry well, which has to be filled in with buckets of information by the teacher. He had said that education has more to do with assimilation of ideas and developing ‘a mind of the same material as that of which the thunderbolt is made'. He suggested, was to be done with the help of ‘Western science coupled with Vedanta †¦ and faith in one's own Self'. What type of management education will provide this enlightenment? According to Swamiji, ‘The training by which the current and expression of will are brought under control and become fruitful is called education'. He wanted a man-making education ‘by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, and by which one can stand on one's own feet'. Swamiji emphasized need of following points in education system. * Role of teacher * Spirituality * Accessibility of knowledge * Plural attitude Role of teacher Both the teacher and the student are active participants in the teaching-learning process. The teacher should look upon the student not as a mere physical being but as a living and dynamic mind that struggling to manifest the light of the infinite soul. The teacher should facilitate this process of self-discovery. Teacher should not try to fill the mind with information and knowledge only. Instead he should attempt to unfold the creativity within by stimulating and strengthening the mind. The teacher has to carefully nurture the conviction and faith in the mind of the students. Needless to say, teacher requires faith, patience, perseverance and firm conviction. This ideal of faith in oneself, or Atmashraddha, would be greatest gift of a teacher to the student. Spirituality Swami Vivekananda brings this out very clearly in his immortal works. He said: If there is any land on this earth that can lay claim to be the blessed Punya Bhumi †¦ the land where humanity has attained its highest towards gentleness, towards generosity, towards purity, towards calmness, above all, the land of introspection and of spirituality—it is India. †¦ the Indian race never stood for wealth. Although they acquired immense wealth, perhaps more than any other nation ever acquired, yet the nation did not stand for wealth. It was a powerful race for ages, yet we find that that nation never stood for power, never went out of the country to conquer. Quite content within their own boundaries, they never fought anybody. The Indian nation never stood for imperial glory. Wealth and power, then, were not the ideals of the race â€Å". Swami Ji enlightened that human peace and happiness depends not on the wealth they possess, or the power they wield, or the scholarship they have acquired, but by living a life of renunciation and having the awareness that they are part of the entire universe and that all constitute one family, V asudhaiva Kutumbakam. Accessibility of Knowledge Swami Ji emphasized on accessibility of education . He said: If the mountain does not come to Mohammed, Mohammed must go to the mountain. If the poor cannot come to education, education must reach them at the plough, in the factory, everywhere. How? You have seen my brethren. Now I can get hundreds of such [all-renouncing sannyasins], all over India, unselfish, good, and educated. Let these men go from village to village bringing not only religion to the door of everyone but also education†. Students must also be educated about the social world—the nature of the society he lives in, the laws that guide it, and the culture it has evolved. Plural Attitude In era of globalization people are coming closer than ever to each other. People of different languages, beliefs, religious faiths, political convictions and ways of life have come to live closely. Everyone has a right to his way of life. Dogmatism and bigotry have no place in globalized world. Therefore management education must instill these qualities in students. Thus, Swami Ji's thoughts on education are like an ocean. The more we ponder the more we get. We have to pursue the ideas of Swami ji with a deep sense of commitment to achieve objectives of education.

Sex trafficking of children and it's long term affects Assignment

Sex trafficking of children and it's long term affects - Assignment Example Children who maybe victims of sexual trafficking lack positive peer relationships which provide a platform for development of attitude skills and values and hence should be condemned(Goldstein, and Robert 5) . The act of sexual trafficking on a child leaves him/her psychologically traumatized due to the overwhelming blow of forced sex which leaves the child in a situation of self denial. The human body is made up in such a way that the gangers we experience in life tend to be connected and hence exposing the child to sex trafficking will increase the number danger occurrences in the child’s mind which in turn leads to the child living a life with a lot of fear in them(Haggerty 77). The traumatizing experience of sexual exposure leads the child to developing stressing conditions which lead them to slow remembering and thinking while exposed to situations of danger (Territoand George 89) UNICEF has been in the frontline in addressing the issue by publicizing it so that children can be saved from the act. They have opened help sub agencies in most countries which move across the whole country carrying out investigations and helping the children who open up to them. Other agencies such as the WHO have also helped in dealing with the issue due to the risk it poses on the health of the child (Territo and George 89). UNICEF and other agencies with the help of governments in all countries should publicize the issue so that people get to know the channels of acting when such issues happen. They should also educate people on the effects it has so on children so that those who do it without knowing what it would cause to the child can stop it. Bloom, Sandra. "Trauma theory abbrevated."  HOME - The OpenCUNY Academic Medium.N.p.,  Oct.  1999. Web. 31  Mar.  2014.

International market research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International market research - Essay Example It is therefore paramount to understand that marketing research must be conducted by clients so that their audiences are traced much before the product/service is launched within the respective market territories, domains and zones. International marketing mix depends a great deal on how the distinctive marketing research tenets are discussed and what these factors outline is a need to amalgamate the essential present within the international marketing mix. The domestic marketing research is severely different because it aims to explore a national basis whereas the international regimes think and act within the global empire. Hence the marketing research is varied for both kinds of arenas, and there is reason enough to believe that each one of these has a calming influence on the two. This paper studies the basis of the international marketing mix decisions which require many varied kinds of marketing research that are global in nature and how the same are differentiated from the dom estic marketing research realms is something that shall be given significance here, with global examples. It is a fact that the marketing research which is measured within an international context is comparatively different from the one which is taken in within a domestic environment. The reason for the same is that there are many stakeholders when one considers the two cases. These include the businesses, the industrial giants, the stock exchanges, and so on. When data gets collected within an international marketing research regime, the focus is on collecting a sample of people who hail from a number of different nations and not just a singular country. However this is not the case when one thinks of the domestic regimes where the focus is on a particular country. One such example is of the marketing research that was done for Kellogg’s when it diversified into a new product line for the US markets. This was a domestic marketing research example and hence emphasis was put w ithin the local terrains. However when the marketing research was conducted for LG as a brand, the scope was global and hence a number of different countries were taken into consideration. Since LG is a global brand of repute and dignity, proper care was taken into count that many samples were explored and then analyzed upon in detail. The sample size was chosen to make sure that there was no missing link present with it. The marketing research was therefore very comprehensive and the samples were chosen with attention to detail. Hence the marketing research differences between Kellogg’s and LG are quite apparent here as the samples were chosen in light of the markets that were to be covered by the respective brands. If Kellogg’s wanted to move out and touch bases within other nations of the world, its audience would have been different and hence the scope would have broadened up as well. The approach used by Kellogg’s and LG are similar yet the scope for the tw o brands has been different. This is the reason why marketing research has been seen as international in one case and domestic in the other. Moving on, the most basic difference between international marketing research and domestic marketing research is that the former concentrates on the world’s different audiences while the latter is dependent on a single nation or entity so to speak. What this means is the fact that international mar

A Short Story of Dr. Hillary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

A Short Story of Dr. Hillary - Essay Example Dr. Hillary nodded and left the room, making his way back to the fourth floor to do his duties.He stepped into the sterile, stainless steel elevator and pushed the button marked â€Å"four†, he was alone. â€Å"Alone,† he thought mournfully to himself. â€Å"I’m always alone.† Emily’s mother, Robin, had died from cancer that had been induced by a fertility drug called DZT, which had been taken off the market due to lawsuits that proved it caused female cancer. She was convinced that she could both carry the baby and beat cancer, but she was wrong. Brad had tried desperately to talk his wife, into terminating the pregnancy and save her own life. But she would hear nothing of the sort. â€Å"Catholics,† he thought to himself vehemently. â€Å"What kind of religion tells people to die instead of losing a baby when they have cancer?† They had had so many dreams, so many plans when they had first met in undergraduate school. He wanted to be a good husband and father, as well as a prominent physician. He had planned to do this with Robin, back home in Brettsburg, Indiana. However, after struggling through years of med-school and reaching many of his goals, Brad still wanted more. He wanted to move to Chicago or New York and accept one of the lucrative offers he had received to practice there. He even had an offer from Sloane – Kettering, one of the finest cancer hospitals in the world. However, he had promised Robin they would stay in Brettsburg and serve in a small rural hospital in the community where they had both grown up. â€Å"What was I thinking?†... â€Å"Catholics,† he thought to himself vehemently. â€Å"What kind of religion tells people to die instead of losing a baby when they have cancer?† They had had so many dreams, so many plans when they had first met in undergraduate school. He wanted to be a good husband and father, as well as a prominent physician. He had planned to do this with Robin, back home in Brettsburg, Indiana. However, after struggling through years of med-school and reaching many of his goals, Brad still wanted more. He wanted to move to Chicago or New York and accept one of the lucrative offers he had received to practice there. He even had an offer from Sloane – Kettering, one of the finest cancer hospitals in the world. However, he had promised Robin they would stay in Brettsburg and serve in a small rural hospital in the community where they had both grown up. â€Å"What was I thinking?† He thought to himself. Stuck in this one horse town with a first-rate education and clos e to half a million dollars in student loans. But he had kept his promise and worked at Brettsburg General in this crappy, little town as he had promised. It all changed when Robin died. Brad found himself a single parent, stuck in a nowhere town with an infant doomed to die. On reaching his office, Brad sat down and continued recounting his years of dealing with this debacle of a life, at least his student loans were paid off he thought to himself and at least he had sued the drug bastards for millions and won. Yet he still felt empty, bitter and alone. What did three million dollars mean without his Robin? Years had gone by slowly with his daughter Emily and himself. He thought about the string of girlfriends he had trifled through; he never wanted to feel that pain again, of deep

E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

E-Commerce - Essay Example The world today has become a highly connected and online place as compared to that of the last decade. The masses all over the world increasingly stay in a wired as well as wireless globalized zone where live communication and direct collaboration happens every hour, every minute, every second and every moment on a regular and daily basis (Solomon and Schrum, 2007, p. 8). In the middle of the 1990s, the Internet, or the World Wide Web as it is commonly referred to, emerged as the most disruptive form of electronic and communication innovation, bringing in a sea change for the kinds of methods and processes used by various business organizations to communicate between their clients, customers, employees and even the suppliers (Petrassi, 2008, p. 1). Web 2.0 can be officially defined as the process of increasing intelligence and values for every one through information sharing and content creation and sharing (Hoegg et al., 2006, p. 13). The web 2.0 is an evolution that has happened ov er the years since the emergence of the dotcom bubble in the US around the year 2001 (O’reilly, 2005). The word Web 2.0 originates around in 2004. The Web 2.0 essentially represents the group of processes concerning social, design and architectural independence that promotes free and seamless migration of data as well as business processes from one platform to another using the common medium of the Internet. The processes and related patterns increasingly focus on various interaction models that facilitate and promote various levels of communication between individuals and software processes and interfaces (Governor, Hinchcliffe and Nickull, 2009, p. ix). On a simpler note, it can be said that Web 2.0 represents the practice of accessing and sharing online digital content for interpersonal purposes as well as for the purpose of service delivery (ExplainingComputers.com, 2011). Today, the latest version of the web is immensely viewed as a platform that is catering to interacti on, innovation and even online delivery of services (Petrassi, 2008, p. 1) There have been a large number of benefits arising out of the huge and major adoption of 2.0 version of the web by individuals and businesses. Increasing in Buyer’s Power The emergence of businesses via the Internet due to the evolution of the Internet has significantly created an imbalance of power in the marketplace. Going by Porter’s five forces model, it can be simply said that the web 2.0 and the emergence of various business on the basis of it has significantly provided a lot of power to the buyers and consumers. Using the Internet, consumers can access feedback for the products that they are willing and interested to buy simply by visiting some websites or product related blogs (Barefoot and Szabo, 2009, p. 6). This has, in return, promoted high levels of diminishing customer loyalty for any particular brand (Governor, Hinchcliffe and Nickull, 2009, p. xi). High levels of Exposure The eme rgence of web 2.0 provides a great window of opportunity for companies around the globe. The companies can display their products to a global audience while also promoting their products using various extensive Internet applications, thereby increasing their degree of involvement (Roughley, 2007, p. 4) Increasing the Consumer Involvement As of today, companies are making their presence felt on the social networking sites and are increasingly rolling out online marketing campaigns in an attempt to increase the degree of involvement for the consumers, which helps in increasing their marketing potential (Lincoln, 2009, p. 140). The web 2.0 provides the online marketers with the opportunity to create advertisements that are engaging, entertaining, informative and creative at the same time (Tuten, 2008, p. 17). This helps in creating a

Language Issues in Public Discourse Research Paper - 1

Language Issues in Public Discourse - Research Paper Example This essay will explore three ways in which the English language is changing, and the discourse around those changes, as they are being debated and discussed in the media. Political language and how it changed during the Bush era in the United States is being discussed widely in academic circles and this phenomenon will be examined and analyzed briefly. The printed media particularly in Great Britain raises the question of American terms and their effect on English worldwide. Contemporary magazine and newspaper articles form the basis of the discussion of the British attitude to American language in this essay. Current discussions regarding spelling are examined, from the perspective of young people, citing as examples a web forum, and the transcript of a high school debate. Finally, the trend toward politically correct language is the focus, with spoken and institutionalized language being examined. In short, this essay will comment on the changing language and how these changes are perceived across a reasonably wide spectrum of English speakers. (Not included in word limit) The Essay When discourse is analyzed, the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst is examined (Brown & Yule, 1983: 2). This implies that the analyst also contributes his/her own meaning to the analysis, and that the context of more than just the words, and the grammar of the language are at play. Brown and Yule (1983: 3) further contend that the language may contain features such as â€Å"†¦ hesitations, slips and non-standard forms† so that an analysis of written text on its own is perhaps never altogether complete. It is, however, also true that â€Å" †¦ the task is this: to think more deeply about the meanings we give people’s words do as to make ourselves better, more humane people and the world a better, more humane place.† (Gee, 2005: 3). Hence it is necessary to examine many aspects of language if a fuller understanding of the meaning of s ocial worlds as all individuals experience them is to be reached. There are certain aspects of language that are clearly of some concern to analysts and general public commentators. Media, both print and electronic, carries a significant amount of comment on the changing nature of English. Sometimes these aspects are serious and of great importance in the formation of the societies and their attitudes, values and behaviors; sometimes they are less serious but still interesting from a social and psychological perspective. One area which does carry great weight is in the leadership of societies. The leaders of communities worldwide do use language to form meanings and the understanding of the public. Hence it is necessary that everyone remain aware of the possible hidden meaning and unrevealed intentions of leaders and particularly politicians. When politicians speak, it is widely accepted that their motives are not always directly connected to the words and language they are using. I nevitably, their language has characteristics that show the real intention of their words: to persuade the public that what they say is correct, and that they should be voted for in the next election. Elena Mihas of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee has examined and commented on the language used during the Bush era in the United States. She highlights specifically the metaphoric and euphemistic forms of language used by politicians in this period, in addition to examining the coherence, arguments,

Women and institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women and institutions - Essay Example Most of the societies practice division of labor by sex and age. Traditional western models depict men as economic providers, since their role was dynamic while women were domestic consumers and their role was static (Bosen, 319, 1984). Anthropologist and other social scientist have discovered that men are only partial economic providers. The contribution of men towards women and children vary in different cultures and depends in variations of women work. Women make significant economic decisions not only for children but also for men and the society (Wardlow, 153). Therefore, the important issue in analyzing economic system of any society is by considering the division of labor, and ways the fruits and labor are shared. The early model of hunting society presented man as the chief provider and decision maker in the society. The early model of foragers as the blue print of sexual division of labor has been widely criticized (Merlan, 262, 1991). It was assumed that foragers depended on meat as their only food and men did all the hunting as women stayed in camps with children waiting for men to bring them food. Anthropologist challenged this model when they started analyzing the contribution of women in foragers’ society. After extensive research, there are four changes in the model. Meat was not the staple food in forages society compared to the total food intake (Stivens, 331, 1970). When meat was less important in the meal than plant food, men still went out to hunt while women provided food for their groups through their contributions. Even in the male hunting and women, gathering model contributes sexual separation in food contribution especially between animal and vegetable food. Division of labor between sexes is flexible and changing in individuals and cooperative efforts (Stivens, 330, 1970). There are some difficulties in separating horticultural and agricultural societies. The major difference is the

Domestic Jurisdiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Domestic Jurisdiction - Essay Example The concept of domestic jurisdiction in relation to freedom from intervention is very basically shown in the unit of society we call family. Before we became citizens of a country, we became parts of a state or a city. Before we became parts of any city, we are first members of a community, and before we became members of a community, we are primarily members of our own families. This is where the dynamic process of protecting one owns freedom and autonomy begins. As a family, we want to function on our own to the best of our abilities with minor help from other people. This is our responsibility to our unit. We want to deal with problems and seek out solutions with each other's help, before we ask assistance from other people. We try to keep family matters inside the home and away from the prying eyes of other families. We do not welcome intervention from other people in family matters without them being requested by us to do so. This action is not appreciated and even shunned as in trusion does not only violate privacy but it goes beyond the unwritten rule of familial boundaries where each family as a distinct unit of society has its own internal rules which the members abide to. These internal rules, however free the family members are in terms of acting on their own will, should be in accordance with the established general laws of the community. Intervention in family matters by other community members is justifiable if the laws of the community are not adhered to and if a certain member of the family is forced to act out of his own volition. This is also where law enforcement may intervene. The same is true for communities. Communities have their own specific agenda and priorities. It is because of the distinct agenda that a community is very wary of intervention from other communities. Resources are limited in communities so intervention is most likely to occur as a means to help or assist. It may also be mutually beneficial to both parties concerned. Going to a higher level or a wider scope, cities or states have the same characteristics. They may belong to one government and one country, but cities or states have their own set of rules aside from the general laws of the land. They have differing strategies and techniques to promote growth within their reach. They want to handle their own problems and issues first before transferring them to a higher authority. They want to exercise their autonomy the best possible way they can, before submitting to the authority of the government. Of course, every action that they do should be within the general laws of the land. The moment that laws are broken and disregarded, intervention from government will always occur. The principles discussed are all parts of the concept of domestic jurisdiction. They are the minor aspects and the foundation for the general idea of the term. In a larger setting, which is the global arena, the basic unit is the nation. A nation has its own members, its own rules, its own ways or techniques of doing things, its own resources and its own beliefs and values. All the factors comprising one nation may be slightly or very different from another. This degree of diversity makes each nation distinct from each

Research Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Methodology - Essay Example Finally, one has to note what one is likely to â€Å"‘conclude† in terms of the research problem and one’s hypothesis (an early conclusion in other words). All this goes into a brief and concise introduction, to be termed â€Å"Introduction† and/or â€Å"Abstract†, of the proposed research. To illustrate the research process thus described, I shall in the following adopt the perspective of anthropology, the science of culture, as an example of a an inductive, empirical social science with appropriate methods to tackle social science research questions ‘ Literature Review Having thus described the contents of the proposal, one now turns to these items, one by one, beginning with a focused analysis of relevant literary sources and notions in order to answer the research question. The review reflects â€Å"the state of the art† regarding knowledge of the research topic. The review will highlight various issues that are particularly relevant to solving the identified research problem. Setting and Sample: Next, one describes the setting and/or sample size. Depending upon one’s choice of research problem one describes the setting which, when social science research is conducted, may be a community (e.g., affluent, middle-class, poor), an institution (e.g., a school, a bank), a neighbourhood, street corners, a slum, etc. (Hannerz, 2007). Based upon this choice, a sample is defined. One may want to work with a small, large, partial or complete sample, a random selection, a certain quota or a representative sample. The economic anthropologist Polly Hill studied cocoa faming and development in southern Ghana. She used maps and air photography to define her sample (Hill, 1963). This may seem an extreme choice, but it isn’t for an anthropologist conducting research in a non-Western setting. Methodology 1. Induction-Deduction Research, the search for knowledge and problem-solving, is a process whereby one continua lly adds to knowledge (Ellen, 1984). By this understanding, research is an ongoing process. There are, however, certain procedures to be followed and standards to be adhered to, be they of an â€Å"inductive† (experimental: â€Å"arriving at a theory based on facts†) or â€Å"deductive† (â€Å"facts are organized to match theory†) nature. Based on this division, one arrives at a â€Å"positivistic† and â€Å"relativistic stance†, resulting in a contrast of â€Å"explanation† (deduction, positivism) and â€Å"understanding† (induction, relativism) (Manners and Kaplan, 1968; Alexander, 1983; Gellner, 1985). Within anthropology and with its emphasis on induction and empirical research, the contrast between induction and deduction has been conceptualized as two modes of inquiry that are opposed to one another. The renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski advocated 90 years ago long-term immersion in the research site chosen and the use of a set of qualitative methods, considered suitable to such an approach (Malinowski, 1922). Since the nineteen twenties and Malinowski’s statement, the tension of deduction and induction is thought of as contrast between the natural sciences, such as biology, insisting on distance, and the human and social sciences stressing the value of experience-nearness. The contrast has been exemplified by the different emphases placed upon

Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay Example for Free

Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay Introduction Germany is a country with astounding diversity with one of the richest historical heritage in the world, standing out as one of the tourist attraction features. Germany is the most centrally placed in Europe among all the European countries. It has a history of a disunited nation having distinct states and tribes. For this reason, Germany more that any other European nation bears different names depending on the language used. For example it is called Deutschland within Germany; in French it is called ‘Allemagne’ and ‘Niemcy’ in Polish. (Country profile) On October 3rd 1990, Western Germany was unified with the German Democratic Republic. The leaving standards in the latter could not march those ones of the former; it has been a major challenge to do this because of the inherent industrial enterprise inefficiencies that characterized the German Democratic Republic. Another major factor that has posed challenges include the difficulty in East Germany of resolving property ownership and the lack of infrastructure and the environmental degradation that occurred during the communist rule. (Berghahn V. R. 1987) The extremist violence especially from the political right that is usually witnessed in East Germany is always related to the economic uncertainty in this region. Most times the violence is directed towards foreigners and in particular non-Europeans. (Berghahn V. R. 1987) Politics Germany is considered to be a Federal, Parliamentary, and representative democratic Republic. The ‘Grundgestz’ or the Basic Law is the framework that was laid down in 1949 that guides the German political system up to today. For any amendments to take place in the Grundgestz, a two-thirds majority in Parliament is required. (Country profile) The Chancellor heads the Government and the position is currently held by Angela Merkel and she exercises executive powers that are similar to a Prime Minister’s. Parliament that consists of the Bundestag and Bundesrat (Federal Council) is vested with Federal legislative Powers. Members of the Bundestag are elected directly and members in the Bundesrat represent the governments of the 16 states. These members are appointed by the state cabinet, which possesses the power to remove them any time. (Country profile) The Christian Democratic Party Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany are the dominating parties since 1949. However there’s existence of other smaller parties, which include the Free Democratic Party and the Alliance 90/ The Greens (Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union). The President of Germany also doubles up as the Head of State and is normally elected by the Federal Convention (Bundesversammlung), which is the institution made up of members of the Bundestage and some members of the State delegate. The President of the Bundestag is the second highest official and the Bundestag itself elects him/her. His/her responsibilities include the overseeing of the body’s daily sessions. The Chancellor on the other hand doubles up as the head of Government and is the third highest official who is nominated by the Germany President and then is elected by the Bundestag. A constructive motion of no confidence by the Bundestag is what is necessary to remove the Chancellor.( Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union) Economy In Europe, Germany’s National Economy is the largest. It is ranked the third largest in the world by nominal GDP, but ranked fifth in regards to gross domestic product. As per 2006 statistics, the average growth stands at 2.8% per annum. Germany has been renowned world over since the industrial age as one of the best motor innovators and has greatly benefited from the globalized world economy. (Berghahn V. R, 1987) One of its major drivers of its export economy is the trademark â€Å"Made in Germany,† which the world has continuously associated with sturdiness and durability. This has turned out the country to be the world’s top exporter with the export figures as at 2006 standing at $ 1.133 trillion generating a trade surplus of approximately â‚ ¬165 billion. 70% of its total GDP is generated by the service sector with 29.1% contributed by the industrial sector and agriculture falling behind with about 0.9%. (Berghahn V. R, 1987) Germany’s automobiles, machinery, metals, and chemical goods contribute greatly to the export portfolio. In solar and wind turbine technology, Germany leads the world (Global Wind Energy Market ).   Amongst its most popular brands include Siemens, Mercedes Benz, BMW, Audi, Volkswagen, Porsche, and Nivea among others. Germany uses the common market currency the Euro and the country stands out as a major advocate for the European Union. Society (People and Culture) The majority German population is made up inhabitants of ethnic Germans and over 7 million foreigners. Majority of the foreigners are made up of the so called â€Å"guest workers† who were mostly Turkish workers, who in the 1950s and 60s were invited to fill in for the labor shortages, Germany thus has quite a good number of ethnic Turks. Many political and economic refugees from the world over especially the developing world choose Germany as a prime destination. (Country profile) Germany boasts of having one of the world’s highest levels of education with exquisite technological advancement coupled with an unrivaled economic productivity. University enrolment has steadily risen and has more than tripled since World War II; the trade and technical schools that are sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany support the universities. The majority of the population is made up of the middle class with a per capita income standing at $ 28,700, this is combined with a comprehensive social welfare system that caters for the universal medical care and unemployment care besides other social needs. (Berghahn V. R, 1987) Culturally Germany is usually called â€Å"the land of poets and thinkers† (Wasser J. 2006). Religious and secular currents that have taken place in Europe for a long time have continuously shaped the German culture. One of the most famous German classical music composers is Ludwig Van Beethoven (Wasser J. 2006). Geography The geography of Germany is rich and diverse ranging from the high Alps in the South, the Bavarian plain, and the flowing hills of central Germany to the coast of the North and Baltic Sea. This makes the country’s countryside scenery worth visiting, â€Å"it all looks like a miniature train landscape packed with the nicest of old towns, medieval houses, gothic churches and small villages; its exotic!† (Country profile) Global Position Germany has continued to play a very important role in the formation and the continued strengthening of the European Union and has continued to cultivate a very close relationship with France. One of Germany’s closest allies has been the U.S, whose help was quite invaluable during the 1948 Marshall Plan to rebuild Germany after World War II. Ties with America have gone to other areas like trade where a more balanced trade relationship has continued to flourish. (Country profile) REFERENCES Berghahn, Volker Rolf. (1987) Modern Germany: Society, Economy, and Politics in the 20th Century. 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union: Retrieved on 6th March 2008 from U.S. Library of Congress:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ,   Global Wind Energy Market 2006-2011, Retrieved on 6th   March 2008 from www.windtech-international.com: Wasser, Jeremy. (2006) Spà ¤tzle Westerns Spiegel Online International: Retrieved on 6th March 2008 Country profile: Germany: Retrieved on 6th March 2008 from   http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1047864.stm:

Principles and Characteristics of Good Governance

Principles and Characteristics of Good Governance Introduction In general, good governance is perceived as a normative principle of administrative law, which obliges the State to perform its functions in a manner that promotes the values of efficiency, no corruptibility, and responsiveness to civil society. It is therefore a principle that is largely associated with statecraft. While the government is not obliged to substantively deliver any public goods, it must ensure that the processes for the identification and delivery of such goods are concrete in terms of i) being responsive to public demands; ii) being transparent in the allocation of resources and; iii) being equitable in the distribution of goods. The principle of good governance has also been espoused in the context of the internal operations of private sector organizations. In this way, corporate decision-making strategies integrate the principle of good governance and ensure that shareholder interests (i.e. public limited companies) and employees are taken into account. The legal meaning of the principle of good governance The concept of good governance as developed by the World Bank is essentially a touchstone upon which the prevailing administrative structure of a given country can be measured. Consequently, it provides ample evidence of the robustness of the structural suitability of donors as efficient vehicles of multilateral aid investment to developing countries. Good governance is therefore chiefly envisaged as a set of procedural tools to guarantee the efficacious improvement of the donor identified subject. Politically, however, the principle of good governance has not been very well received. For instance, governments may be reluctant to be held accountable to donor agencies, and they may sometimes display widespread hostility against such agencies (or other bodies) that is construed to be interfering in their (sovereign) domestic affairs. The real or imagined fears have stemmed mainly from the fact that the term good governance has largely been identified with liberalism and laissez-faire p olicies common in most developed countries. Further, the usage of the term good derives primarily from subjective interpretations especially in the context of large multicultural and diverse economies that characterize the developing world. The characteristics of good governance Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society. 1. Participation Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand. 2. Rule of law Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force. 3. Transparency Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media. 4. Responsiveness Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe. 5. Consensus oriented There are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community. 6. Equity and inclusiveness A societys well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being. 7. Effectiveness and efficiency Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. 8. Accountability Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law. How to achieve good governance Good governance, to be effective and sustainable, must be anchored in a vigorous working democracy which respects the rule of law, a free press, energetic civil society organizations and effective and independent public bodies such as the Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance, Prevention of Corruption Bureau and the Fair Trade Commission. The Commission is important in ensuring the promotion and protection of human rights, but also in ensuring both transparency and accountability on the part of the government. Good governance requires transparency and efficiency also in different government agencies. At the political level democratic practices, including transparency in policy making and administration, are important aspects of good governance. This is signified by a pluralistic political system that allows the existence of diversity in political and ideological opinions. No wonder that good governance is said to be more easily achieved and guaranteed in a multi-party system than in a mono-party system. It also means the holding of regular elections applying the principle of universal franchise. In order to qualify as democratic, elections must be free and fair. Good governance deals with the nature and limits of state power. The doctrine of the separation of powers is therefore relevant in the establishment of whether or not a country has a political system that is responsive to good governance. The doctrine of the separation of powers is based on the acceptance that there are three main categories of government functions: legislative, executive, and judicial. Corresponding to these are the three main organs of government in a state the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The doctrine insists that these three powers and functions of government in a free democracy must be kept separate and exercised by separate organs of the state. Conclusion From the above discussion it should be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality. References Macdonald, B. (1998), Good governance and Pacific island states, in Larmour, P. (Ed.), Governance and Reform in the South Pacific, National Centre for Development Studies Australian National University, Canberra, pp. 21-53. Woods, N. (1999) Good Governance in International Organizations, Global Governance 5, 39-61. Burnell, Peter. Good Government and Democratization: A Sideways Look at Aid and Political Conditionality, Democratization, vol.1, no.3, pp.485-503.

Importance of Advertising and Promotion in Business

Importance of Advertising and Promotion in Business Task 1:- The three communicational theories of business Electronic theory: understands the dynamic communication aids in delivering messages clearly to the receiver. The process of the electronic theory is t is based on, and uses the language of, electronics. Emails, smart phone messaging system are using the electronic theory which information will be delivered in electronic ways. Social environment theory- is based on the workplace. It is essential to understand to whom we are talking their position. We also have to respect the rules and culture while communicating to each other. Rhetorical theory: this theory targets not only the receiving message but also the respond produced. The information and Communication technologies are changing in day to day life style. They are improving the way a message delivers to a audience. The ways of adverting are using website, other company website banners, classified, multimedia presentation, flyers and posters. The type’s advertisements are Product advertisement which is selling a single product such as mobile phones, electronic goods. Product advertisement only targets a limited people who will be using that product or services. Business advertisement is to make the company brand familiar to the audience. For example the brands most commonly known by the people are Nike, Timberland, Apple products. Service advertisement suggest the advertises service. Examples of service advertise are Government, Tourism and banking. As the latest technologies are gradually getting demand, advertising in a website will be idle for targeting the customers. Most of the users browse and prefer to shop online. In order to sell produ cts online it is essential to details every specification of the product so that it will be easy for the clients to understand how the product or services will work before they purchase. Main important information that should be displayed if using website for advertisement is the company name, product name and contact information. The most popular online shopping website are ebay and amazon which allow many suppliers to sell product online and also allows the clients to review the services they get while shopping online and which may help the users who visit the product to understand a general knowledge on how the services are given to the customers. The technology is changing people on how they shop. Most of them prefer shopping online and even the high street retailers are making their products available online as well. The important advantage or using website to advertise product online are the product can be advertised in the same country or make it visible for other countries a s well. Task 02 The Role and Importance of Advertising Advertising is part of Marketing. In order to stimulate customer response always the advertisement is a good opportunity for the company to promote. The more people see the product/service, the more they feel like buying it. So many companies rely on advertising these days to boost sales of their products or services, to build a connection with their audience and to create competition with their rival firms There are different types to gain customer’s awareness like advertising, and promotion, Also there are different places that advertisements can be positioned, using the metro, trams, buses, restaurants and so on The advertising objectives should support main company’s goal and should be discussed with company-client in order to avoid misunderstanding. The advertising roles are based on company’s marketing strategy, like; * Increase sales * Increase brand awareness * Supporting other market efforts Advertising gives companies and businesses the opportunity to build up a brand and an identity. A recent example of this having great success is with the Apple brand. The distinct adverts in both TV andprintform are instantly identifiable as the companys own and give it an identity as a clean, modern and reputable brand. Advertisements need to relate to current trends and sell both a product individually as well as the company as a whole. If an advertisement succeeds at both it can help draw an audience to the product or service and build a relationship between the consumer and company. Establishing this connection should lead to a boost in sales for the business. One of the best ways to advertise is by word of mouth, also known as referral marketing or referral advertising. When other people hear good things about your business or they have a positive experience shopping with your business, they become walking billboards for your business without you having to spend additional money on ads to create it. Advertising locally through newspapers and fliers as well as billboards can be an effective source of it when your business is up-and-coming, but expanding your advertising sources becomes important as you grow. You can extend your advertising approach out to television commercials as well as radio in order to reach wider audiences, but the revenue from your business should be able to pay for it costs for these methods to bring you the value you are looking for. Creating an assortment of advertising and marketing techniques will help you to reach many different customer bases. Identifying a target market to advertise your business to is also very valuable, because a target market of customers will be more interested in your business than trying to appeal to masses of people with varying interests. Making sure that enough people know that you exist who are naturally interested in your product as a target is a great way to bring in customers and increase the profit of your business. Creating an impulse in potential customers to purchase your product is very important when it comes to advertising. It can be easy to create it that puts your customer in a mindset not to purchase your product, either by unintentionally avoiding the sale of your product by focusing on information or topics that draw attention away from your product. Be sure to study the needs of your target market to get the best results. In modern times the importance of advertising your business is no different. Without an audience for your product or service, you will not attract enough customers and will not make enough sales to keep your business doors open. Task 03 Below the line Techniques and their usage. Below the line, refers to forms of non-media communication, even non-media advertising. Below the line sales promotions are short-term incentives, largely aimed at consumers. Below the line, refers to forms of non-media communication, even non-media advertising. Below the line sales promotions are short-term incentives, largely aimed at consumers. With the increasing pressure on the marketing team to achieve communication objectives more efficiently in a limited budget, there has been a need to find out more effective and cost efficient ways to communicate with the target markets. In organizational business and marketing communications,below the line is anadvertising technique. It uses less conventional methods than the usual specific channels of advertising to promote products, services, etc. thanAbove the linestrategies. These may include activities such as direct mail, public relations and sales promotions for which a fee is agreed upon and charged up front. Above the line is a type of advertising throughmediasuch asTV,cinema,radio,print,bannersand search engines. Below the line advertising typically focuses on direct means ofcommunication, most commonly direct mail and e-mail, often using highly targeted lists of names to maximize response rates.With the increasing pressure on the marketing team to achieve communication objectives more efficiently in a limited budget, there has been a need to find out more effective and cost efficient ways to communicate with the target markets. This has led to a shift from the regular media based advertising. In other words, below-the-line sales promotion is an immediate or delayed incentive to purchase, expressed in cash or in kind, and having only a short term or temporary duration. Examples of BTL promotion are: Sales promotion Direct marketing and direct mail Public relations (PR) Sponsorship Personal selling Branding and merchandising Packaging Telemarketing Trade fairs and exhibitions Sales promotions These offer customers incentives to encourage them to buy goods and services. In B2C markets, typical sales promotions include: BOGOF (buy one, get one free) offers price discounts (10% off this week) giveaways competitions to win holidays or cash prizes Direct mail This enables a business to target existing and potential customers with its sales messages. Direct mailing is a productive way of promoting to existing customers for several reasons. Task 04 Ability to plan integrated promotional strategies A company can employ various promotional techniques in order to communicate with the target market, techniques that form the promotional mix. Depending on the communication means, the promotional techniques can be: Direct communication techniques – focused on creating a relationship with each client Indirect communication techniques – based on mass communication, the message in identical for a high number of potential customers ( advertising, public relations, sales promotion This definition outlines the key purposes of the marketing function. These are: to compete in a competitive marketplace to identify and anticipate consumer requirements and then satisfy these requirements to make a profit. As a market-orientated organization adidas continuously identifies and reviews consumers’ needs to ensure its products meet these needs. It aims to exceed customer expectations by adapting its product portfolio to meet the changing needs of consumers. It is this focus on its customers, teamed with product and marketing innovation, that plays a key role in adidas’ success. Every organization must look at its marketing in relation to the marketing mix. The marketing mix, often referred to as the 4Ps, is a means of assessing how to balance the elements of the mix in order to meet customers’ needs. The elements include: the right product sold at the right price in the right place using the most suitable form of promotion. No two businesses are identical, as such, every organization must decide on its own balance of the 4Ps to suit its consumers’ needs. There are many internal and external factors that will influence an organization’s marketing mix. Key factors include the size of the business, the markets it operates in and available resources. References eHow, The Electronic Theory of Business communications, [online] Available : http://www.ehow.com/facts_7457569_electronic-theory-business-communications.html How to choose an advertising agency, [Online], Available:http://www.inc.com/guides/201108/how-to-choose-an-advertising-agency.html Bovee, Courtland L., Thill, John V. (1992). Business Communication Today. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Inc. 2 Herta A Murphy, Herbert W Hilderbrandt (1991).Effective Business Communications. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Inc. 3 Ross, R Reed, Brian G Long ( 2004). The Win / Win Negotiator: How to Negotiate Favourable Agreements That Last. Singapore: Pocket Books. Kitchen , P., Ilchul, K., Schultz, D. (2009). Intergrated Marketing Communications: Practice Leads Theory.Journal of Advertising Research, (December), 531-546. Retrieved fromhttp://moodle2.lsu.edu/pluginfile.php/219255/mod_resource/content/1/IMC_Practice_Leads_to_Theory.pdf McGrath, J. (2010). Using means-end analysis to test integrated marketing communications effects.Journal of Promotion Management, 16(4), 361-387. Retrieved fromhttp://web.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/ehost/[emailprotected]vid=1hid=8bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl

Great Gatsby :: essays research papers fc

Fitzgerald’s Masterpiece F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is an enchanting novel, which tells an exquisite story through various techniques characteristic of a gifted author. The story has elements of deceit, high hopes, fallen dreams, and false intentions which make it thrilling to read. However, the true genius of the novel lies in the character description, setting of the novel, and the structure and form used. It is these literary devices that set The Great Gatsby apart from other novels. Life in the 1920’s was much different than that of life during any other era and Fitzgerald depicts this in The Great Gatsby very accurately through the characters. One critic stated that “The only bad of it is that the characters are mostly so unpleasant in themselves that the story becomes rather a bitter does before one has finished with it'; (Wilson 149). Where as one may take this as an insult, it can also be taken as a compliment. This shows that Fitzgerald described the character and their action so realistically that the reader developed strong opinions of the characters. Fitzgerald’s use of the setting is also another incredible technique used in The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald’s description of Gatsby’s mansion is a perfect example of this. “The one on my right was a colossal affair by any standard- it was a factual imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spanking new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool and more than forty acres of lawn and garden. It was Gatsby’s mansion.'; Throughout the novel Fitzgerald uses this type of description to put the reader into the story and give them a realistic sense of the time period. Not only do the words themselves paint pictures, but also the structure and form used is a delight. “…Every line of hard and intelligent effort'; (Mencken 148). The incredible part about this is that Fitzgerald does not do it too elaborately where the reader will get lost, but “written in sentences one can understand which is a comfort'; (Stein 149). Fitzgerald has written a complete novel which is his “best planned, best sustained, and best written [of Fitzgerald’s works]…not a whole in it anywhere'; (Wilson 147). The Great Gatsby is one of the few novels that is able to incorporate a wonderfully crafted setting and a very realistic set of characters that depict the young people of the time all in a smooth flowing well written novel.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay -- Social Responsibility Essays

Corporate social responsibility is becoming a key initiative and an essential tool in the growth of multinational corporations and the development of third world countries throughout the globe. The two concepts can work hand in hand to provide benefits for all; however difficulties in regulating and implementing corporate social responsibility need to be overcome before effective changes can be made. Definitions of corporate social responsibility can be somewhat varied depending on the perception and perspective an individual or group has towards the situation; the definition has also varied through time. In general terms, Manakkalathll & Rudolf (1995) define corporate social responsibility (CSR) as â€Å"the duty of organisations to conduct their business in a manner that respects the rights of individuals and promotes human welfare.† In contrast to this, Christian Aid (2004, as cited in Pendleton 2004) defines CSR as â€Å"an entirely voluntary, corporate driven initiative to promote self regulation as a substitute for regulation at either a national or international level.† Blowfield, 1995 indicates that through time, the definitions and explanations of CSR have become more positive, with increasing understanding of the benefits that can be obtained through successful implementation by organisations. Pendleton (2004) suggests that the first CSR initiatives were a response to public pressure and media exposes of poor company behaviour. The aim of CSR was to show these people that companies were capable of cleaning up their act. Pendleton (2004) suggests that â€Å"contemporary CSR was christened by Shell in it’s response to it’s annus horribilis of 1995.† Monshipouri, Welch & Kennedy (2003) also outline this issue as a key turni... ...e real face of corporate social responsibility, Consumer Policy Review, vol.14, no.3, pp.77-82 Rodriguez, P., Siegel, D.S., Hillman, A. & Eden, L. (2006). Three lenses on multi-national enterprise: politics, corruption & corporate social responsibility. Journal of International Business Studies, vol.37, pp.733-746 Sachs, S., Maurer, M., Ruhli, E. & Hoffman, R (2006), Corporate social responsibility from a â€Å"stakeholder view† perspective: CSR implementation by a Swiss mobile telecommunication provider. Corporate Governence, vol. 6, no.4, pp.506-515 Waldman, D.A., Siegel, D.S. & Javidan, M. (2006). Components of CEO transformational leadership and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Management Studies, vol.43, no.8, pp.1703-1725 The Body Shop Values Report 2007. http://valuesreport.thebodyshop.net/index.asp?lvl1=0&lvl2=0&lvl3=0&lvl4=0 Viewed 10/09/07

Resolved: Presidential Signing Statements Threaten to Undermine the Ru

The subject of signing statements has created much debate among the houses of Congress, government officials, and the public alike. These signing statements fall under the categories of constitutional and legislative history signing statements. Constitutional signing statements are those in which the president deems certain provisions of the legislation as unconstitutional, therefore they should not be enforced (Bradley & Posner, 2006). Legislative history signing statements are executive interpretations of ambiguous legislation (Bradley & Posner, 2006). The Constitution very specifically outlines the process of a bill being passed up to the executive level, but the issue of presidential signing statements is not explicitly discussed, therefore it becomes a controversial grey area; specifically when a President uses a signing statement to express partial support and intent to enforce a law. This essay will discuss signing statements and the role that they play in the legislative pr ocess. In addition, the legality of presidential signing statements in respect to the constitution will be argued through the exploration of the origins, past applications, and attempts at limiting such presidential implements. Presidential signing statements are a president’s formal declaration of their interpretation of a bill that is being signed into law, namely the objections to segments of the bill that they have deemed in opposition of the constitution as well as the measures of the bill that will be enforced. (CRS, 2006) They can also convey support or appreciation towards the bill and its contributors (Kelley, 2007) Signing statements tend to occur on significant pieces of legislation and function similarly to presidential vetoes in that th... ...igning statements: Constitutional and institutional implications (Order Code RL33667)Congressional Research Service. Kelley, C. S. (2007). The law: Contextualizing the signing statement. Presidential Studies Quarterly,, 37(4), 737-748. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27552286 Kinkopf, N. (2006). Signing statements and the president's authority to refuse to enforce the law. American Constitution Society for Law and Policy Lee, M. (2008). Reorienting the debate on presidential signing statements: The need for transparency in the president’s constitutional objections, reservations, and assertions of power. Manuscript submitted for publication, School of Law, UCLA, Retrieved from http://www.uclalawreview.org/wordpress/?p=339 Lund, N. (2007). Presidential signing statements in perspective.William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 16(1), 95-111.

Which May Influence the Health and Development of Babies

3500 Unit 18 Task 1: (E1) Summarise the factors which may influence the health and development of babies in the first year of their lives. There are many factors that can influence the heath and development of babies in the first year of there life some factors can occur in the antenatal period before the child is born, some perinatal during the birth and some postnatal after the birth. An example of an antenatal factor is smoking. If the mother smokes during pregnancy the baby is more likely to be born premature with a low birth weight.They also can have poorer lung function and have organs that are smaller than a baby that is born to a mother that does not smoke. Another example of an antenatal factor is stress and worry. ‘Stress experienced by a woman during pregnancy may affect her unborn baby as early as 17 weeks after conception, with potentially harmful effects on brain and development, according to new research. ’ The cord being wrapped around the babies’ neck is a factor that can affect the perinatal period. If this does occur sometimes the cord will be cut before the birth of the baby can precede, other to this an emergency caesarean will be performed. When the cord compression is severe or long standing, the baby may have low Apgars and suffer brain damage, which could result in a degree of mental retardation or cerebral palsy. If the compression is severe enough and labor has not yet begun, the baby can die in uterus and be stillborn. Being born premature is a factor that can affect a baby during the birth. Premature birth is refers to a baby that is born less than 37 weeks of the pregnancy. Babies that are born premature are at greater risk for short and long term complications, including disabilities and impediments in growth and development.If the child’s mother suffers with postnatal depression this can be a factor that can affect the baby. As a result of this factor the child’s mother might not be able to bond with the child therefore the child will not feel safe and secure and also they may not be able to care for their child to their full potential. Also, although postnatal depression is more common in women, men can be affected too. The birth of a new baby can be stressful for both parents and some fathers feel unable to cope, or feel they are not giving their partner the support she needs.Abuse is a factor that can affect the baby in the antenatal period. It can leave the baby with lifelong affects such as confidence issues, depression and enabling them to make positive relationships. The baby may also fall behind in their expected stage of development. ‘Emotional problems such as anger, hostility, fear, anxiety, humiliation, lowered self-esteem and inability to express feelings. ’ Are also other affects of abuse towards a baby? E2: describe how indoor and outdoor environments for babies can be made safe, reassuring and stimulating.Write about what needs to be considered and provided in the setting so babies are safe, stimulated and feel reassured in their environment. This may include: relevant policies and procedures, attractive, reflects those that use it, indoors/ outdoors provision, age/stage equipment/resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Whilst children are playing indoors and outdoors there has to be many things that the practitioner has to consider and put in place. Although both environments have to be enjoyable, fun and stimulating they also have to be safe and secure for the babies.A policy is one thing that has to be put in place and used correctly in order for the environments to be safe and secure. An example of one current policy that is put in place in settings is the Health and Safety policy. The Health and Safety policy gives guidelines on how to keep children, staff, visitors and parents safe whilst attending the setting. An example of a procedure that will be stated under this policy is the signing in and out procedure. This procedure is put in place to make sure that no persons can enter the setting without reason or permission to be there.Equipment and resources in the setting needs to be appropriate for the age of the babies. An example of this which I have seen in the setting is paint. The paint that had been purchased for the setting was not age stage appropriate for the babies to do finger painting with which is what the paint was intended for therefore the paint could not be used. Staff ratio is important whilst keeping the children safe indoors and outdoors. In order to be able to meet all the children’s care needs and give the correct supervision then there needs to be the correct number of staff to the number of children that are in the setting.E3: State the choosen age group. Give information about the expected stage of overall development and identify changes which can be usually expected in the next two months. All babies are individual and will develop at different rates all babies will not develop to the same stage at the same age. A baby at the age of 3 months will be expected to be able to hold a rattle for a few seconds but they usually can not look at the rattle at the same time. By being able to do this the baby has developed on their physical skills. Within the next two months of their lives the baby will be expected to develop to the next expected milestones.At the end of four months the baby can now roll from their back to front. By being able to do this the infant has developed on their motor skills. Also the baby can now push up on his forearms and lift their head and chest 90 degrees when lying on their stomach this position only requires a slight lean to either side to become a roll. These two skills will help the infant to develop and slowly begin to crawl. An infant at the age of 5 months is now beginning to gain some balance and if the infant is sat on their parents lap or on the floor they might be able to sit for a few second unaided.If the parent places the child’s legs in a v shape and gives the baby a toy as distraction then they may be able to sit for a little bit longer each time. By doing this the parent is helping them to develop on their balance. E4: Explain how two different play activities/experiences can support the overall development of the baby described in E3. Write about two play opportunities which are developmentally appropriate for The baby described in E3. These may include everyday experiences such as Bath time or play activities. Identify how the overall development of the baby is helped by each experience/activity.A play activity such as laying the child under a play gym would help to support all developmental skills of a baby age 3 months. One example of the skills that are being built is physical development as they will be improving upon their fine motor skills such as their grasping reflects. Social and emotional skills are another area of development that the baby will be building upon. The practition er will be sat with the baby whilst they are under the play gym talking and communicating with to them, this will help to form an attachment between the practitioner and the baby. This activity is also supporting Bowlby’s attachment theory.At 5 months an activity that will help developmental skills is sitting the baby on the floor and providing them with a distraction such as toys to help them to be able to sit up unaided. A developmental skill that is going to be developed from this activity is the babies’ physical development. Intellectual development is another skill that is going to be built upon because the child will be exploring the different objects that the practitioner has provided them to play with this also links to the physical development as the child will be grasping the different objects while sat upright.E5: Describe the role of the practitioner in meeting the particular needs of babies in the chosen type of setting (group childcare) Give information a bout the responsibilities of the practitioner in EITHER group care OR home-based care. Responsibilities should relate to the chosen care setting and could include: establishing relationships with baby and parents, identifying and planning to meet baby's holistic needs, observation and recording of development, supervision, resources/equipment, routines, other children†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Meeting the care needs of the babies that are attending the setting is the main role of the practitioner. To be able to do this the practitioner has to establish positive professional relationships with the babies and their parents. The practitioner needs to establish this relationship to be able to meet the babies’ needs this will help this happen because the practitioner will be able to learn the babies’ routine and get to know the baby holistically. Good communication skills will aid this to happen.By getting to know the baby the practitioner will be able to plan to meet the baby’s needs. The practitioner can get to know the child holistically. Observations can be used to plan and also to support the practitioners planning. By doing regular observations the practitioner can observe the child and from the observation can gather an understanding of where the child is at in there development and use this information to meet the particular needs of children in the setting. They can then use the findings from there observation to plan for lessons, activities and the future. To monitor on-going development and plan for the next stage it is important to check that development is progressing steadily. With a good understanding of development patterns you can plan for the next stage. ’ The role of the practitioner is to also to provide the correct resources and equipment to meet the child’s needs and that provide stimulation. E6: Show how the child protection policies and procedures in the setting protect and safeguard the babies. Information about how c hild protection policies and procedures of the setting protect babies.This may include: observation/recording/reporting, recognising signs of abuse, confidentiality, rights of child, welfare of child, work with parents, teamwork†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Having implemented child protection policies and procedures in the setting will ensure that babies are always safeguarded whilst being in the setting. Child protection policies and procedures are put in place to protect the rights of the child, ensure the welfare of the child is being kept up to standards and also making sure that there needs are being met appropriately.It is also important that all practitioners in the setting understand their role regarding child protection. It is also vital that everyone is aware and follows the policies and procedures that are put in place to protect the baby’s. There are many forms of abuse that a child can be subjected to and that are subjected to. As a practitioner safeguarding children you need to be aware of these signs and be able to pick on them to be able to keep the child safe. All children, whatever their ages, culture, disability, gender, language, racial origin religious beliefs and/or sexual identity have the right to protection from abuse’. ‘All staff (paid/unpaid) working in sport have a responsibility to report concerns to the appropriate officer’. An example of a form of abuse that a child may be experiencing could be is physical abuse. A sign of this abuse that could help the practitioner to pick on the abuse that the child is experiencing is ‘Has unexplained burns, bites, bruises, broken bones, or black eyes’.Although one single sign does not prove child abuse is occurring in a family, but a closer look at the situation may be necessary if these signs appear repeatedly. Confidentiality needs to be abided by all the time during child protection. Not only will it help to keep the child safe confidentiality will help to keep the practitioner safe and cover themselves. Although if the practitioner thinks that a child is at harm then they need to approach the settings safeguarding officer and let them know what they think could be happening.Teamwork and working alongside parents are also essential to make sure that the child protection policies and procedures are successfully implemented in the setting. Whilst working with babies and keeping them safe the practitioner might have to work with other professionals such as social workers. Therefore the practitioner will have to make sure that they have good communication skills and that they are taking regular observations so that they are able to pass on information regarding the child to be able to keep them safe.E7: Explain the importance of the key worker system. Give reasons why well planned care routines and the key worker system benefit babies in early year's settings. This may include: links with home, individual needs identified/met, security and consis tency, babies learn to predict what is to happen, overall development and learning, relationships with parents, shared information, confidence and trust†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. A baby needs routine, stability, safety and life’s basic essential to be able to develop and thrive therefore a well planned care routine is vital.During the time the baby spends in day care their home routine needs to be brought into the setting as this will help the child to make a clear link to the routine that they follow at home this will help the baby to be settled and feel safe. Having a well planned care routine will help the practitioner to meet the babies’ individual needs. The baby will be having nap time when necessary, having feeds at the correct time and also be receiving any medication that is needed to be administrated. As a result of all these things the child will be helped to feel security and consistency.Having a key worker system in the setting will allow all the needs of the baby to be met and will also give the baby the security, consistency and routine the need. ‘This means that each member of staff has a group of children for whom she/he is particularly responsible. Your child’s key person will be the person who works with you to make sure that what we provide is right for your child’s particular needs and interests. When your child first starts at the pre-school, she/he will help your child to settle and throughout your child’s time at pre-school, she/he will help your child to benefit from the pre-school’s activities. Having the key worker system in place will help ensure that a close professional relationship is developed between the staff and the baby’s parents so that the needs of the baby are made paramount and that the baby’s needs are met to the parents’ wishes. Confidence and trust will be built through the key worker system and well planned care routines because the baby’s needs are bei ng met and there is a good relationship developing then confidence and trust will come as a result of this which will help the well planned care routine to be affective.The practitioner must also abide by the Care Standards Act 2000. This act sets national standards that the setting has to meet whilst caring for the children in their setting. 219 227 235 531 595 D: Consider how the care routines can enhance the overall development of babies from birth to 12 months. A development of E7. Give examples of how the overall development of babies can be supported during care routines, eg as well as giving babies food and drink, meal times can be very enjoyable and stimulate the social and emotional development of babies because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Well planned care routines can not only meet the individual needs of babies from birth to 12 months they also enhance their overall development. Nappy changing is made to be a part of a well planned care routine and is a part of the child’s care routine that not only has to be done to meet the baby’s individual needs but that can also help to enhance development in other areas. During nappy change the practitioner can communicate with the baby through singing and talking. As a result of doing this the practitioner is helping to develop on the baby’s language and social and emotional development.As the practitioner is talking and singing to the child they are also helping to build a bond between themselves and the child therefore if it was the baby’s key worker that was always changing the baby then this will help then bond to become stronger. Nappy changing can also be very enjoyable and stimulating for the baby and this will also result in helping to develop on the baby’s language development further. Another example pf how an event of a well planned care routine can also help to enhance the overall development of a baby is meal times.As well as meeting the baby’s individual care need an d helping the baby to understand routine it is also helping the baby to develop in other areas of development such as language development and can also help the children to form bonds with social and emotional attachments. At meal times in my current baby placement all the baby’s sit around the table together and all are eating or fed at the same time. Meal times are made fun with the practitioners communicating with the baby’s either through song or talking.By doing this the practitioners are helping the baby’s to become familiar with words which will help them to develop on their language development and they are also helping the baby’s to form bonds with the members of staff in the setting. As a result of this the children are going to be stimulated and experience enjoyment which will help when carrying out future meals times. Therefore as a result of this the baby’s will begin to enjoy nappy changes and meal times and the practitioner will be a ble to use these events of the care routine as times when the child can also be learning and developing.C: Discuss the importance of an environment that is safe, reassuring and stimulating. A development of E2. Consider why babies need a safe, reassuring and stimulating environment. This may include: the rights of the child and parents, encourages exploration, mental, emotional and physical benefits etc. Having a safe, reassuring and stimulating environment for babies that are attending the setting is essential in helping the baby to feel safe, secure and settled. The environment that a baby is developing in affects the way they grow and develop.As a result this environment will allow the baby to grow and develop their skills. Babies need plenty of opportunities to explore and move but they also need to be talked to and played with. Babies that have no or little stimulation will not or will slowly develop show signs of development. They will lack development in areas such as languag e and cognitive development. Offering babies lots of stimulation also encourages the children and helps them to develop on certain skills. By giving babies a safe, reassuring and stimulating environment then the practitioner is respecting the rights of the child.Every child has the right to be safe, feel reassured and have stimulation. To create this type of environment the practitioner has to enforce and used certain policies and procedures. An example of one of these policies is the child protection policy and a procedure that comes under this policy is that all staff has to be crb checked before entering the setting. As a result of this no one with a criminal conviction can enter the setting and it ensures that no one of any danger can work with the babies. Reference could be made to appropriate curriculum frameworks.B: Evaluate the role of the practitioner in promoting an inclusive approach when working with babies and their families 8 980 496 510 515 A practitioner should alway s have and promote an inclusive approach when working with babies. The practitioner should ensure that all babies are included and are care for with their individual needs being met at all times. As all the babies are different then within the setting there is going to many diverse needs that need to be met and the babies also have different family background and cultures that need to be considered in order for the practitioner to be inclusive.One role of the practitioner in promoting an inclusive approach is to put systems in place that can help to meet the children’s individual needs such as if one baby in the setting is allergic to peanuts then the practitioner will put a system in place so that the particular child is not going to come into any contact with nuts. An example of this would be that the baby’s feed or food would be kept in a separate place to the other baby’s food or snack so that the food is not coming in contact with any peanuts. A positive at titude in the setting is another way that the practitioner can promote an inclusive approach.If all the practitioners in the setting have a positive attitude towards the setting, children, parents and each other then it will help everyone to feel welcomed and included in the setting. Respecting the baby’s family’s beliefs and wishes is a way that the practitioner can demonstrate that they are promoting an inclusive approach. If the baby’s parents request that the baby cannot participate in a certain task or if they insist that the baby must do or receive something at a certain time then the practitioner must carry this out to the correct procedure that the family have requested in order to show respect for the families’ wishes.The settings environment must be welcoming and diverse to ensure that everybody feels comfortable, safe and secure whilst using it. An example of this would be the displays and facilities in the setting. The displays in the setting must show a diverse range of information and pictures by doing this the setting is sending a message out to them that visit that they are diverse and that they do embrace individuality. Working with parents to achieve the best for the baby is helps to make the setting welcoming.If the parents are made to feel that they can come into the setting any time and approach the practitioner with any issues then this will help the parent to feel that they are welcomed into the setting. Also keeping the parents involved with decision making is a way that the practitioner can make the setting welcoming by doing this the practitioner is making the parent feel valued and that there opinion matters. A detailed consideration of how the practitioner ensures the setting welcomes and provides for all babies and their families.Evaluation may include: systems in place to support individual needs, the environment reflects those that use it, positive attitudes, value diversity and respect beliefs/ values , staff and parents involved in decision making, writing and reviewing of policies, partnership with parents, reflective practice, challenging poor practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. A: Reflect on the influences of theoretical perspectives of development and attachment on current practice in settings working with babies under 1 year of age. A detailed consideration of theories relating to development and to attachment.Make links to show how these have influenced current practice in settings that care for babies. This could include: Current research/theory into the effects of day care on babies, quality care standards, national initiatives, Curriculum frameworks, provision, key workers †¦ Bowlby’s attachment theory is a theory that influences current practice in settings working with babies under 1 year of age. ‘John Bowlby was one of the first people to recognise the need of babies and young children for a strong stable relationship with their primary carers. Bowlby believed that mental health and behavioural problems could be linked back to a child’s early childhood. ‘Bowlby’s evolutionary theory of attachment suggests that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive. ’ Bowlby believe that attachment behaviours are natural and will be activated by any situation that is seen to be a threat to the achievement of closeness to the adult, such as fear, insecurity and separation. ‘Attachment is an instinct in babies.They must form an attachment by the time they are 12 months old as otherwise they may find it hard to develop strong relationships in the future. ’ Bowlby’s theory influences settings now to have the key worker system in place. The key worker system allows the baby to form an attachment with their key worker as the key worker will be the one that is providing the baby with are the basic essentials to be able to survi ve therefore the child will form an attachment with the practitioner as they are the child’s only form of comfort and survival.The key worker will also be providing the baby with a routine that is the same to the one that they are following at home therefore this will also help the attachment to form as the child will feel the similarities between the key worker and home. A current theorist that influences on current practice and on the way practitioners meet the learning needs of babies is Lev Vygotsky. He believed that children are active in their learning and thinking. He also believed that children’s social environment and experiences are very important.Vygotsky influences the practitioners to provide the right resources for the baby to be active in their own learning. For example providing the baby with rattles, when the baby is provided with and shown the rattle then they will reach out for the object by doing this the practitioner is enabling the child to build upon their physical skills and also be active in their learning. Vygotsky, Piaget, developmental 284 70 Bowlby, attachment 80 82 576 Task 1: E1 Task 2: E2+C Task 3: E3 + E4 Task 4: E5 Task 5: E6 Task 6: E7, D, B Task 7: ABibliography http://www. needingworthcommunitypreschool. org. uk/introduction/keyworker. htm ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. guardian. co. uk/science/2007/may/31/childrensservices. medicineandhealth [ 2 ]. http://www. ivillage. com/what-if-cord-wrapped-around-babys-neck/6-n-145567 [ 3 ]. http://www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Postnataldepression/Pages/Introduction. aspx [ 4 ]. http://www. secasa. com. au/index. php/family/11/95/5 [ 5 ]. Thornes N, Childcare and education, 2008, Cheltenham,Page62 [ 6 ]. ttp://www. nspcc. org. uk/Inform/cpsu/helpandadvice/organisations/childprotection/ChildProtectionPolicy_wda60690. html#Introduction [ 7 ]. http://www. nspcc. org. uk/In form/cpsu/helpandadvice/organisations/childprotection/ChildProtectionPolicy_wda60690. html#Introduction [ 8 ]. http://www. childwelfare. gov/pubs/factsheets/signs. cfm [ 9 ]. http://www. needingworthcommunitypreschool. org. uk/introduction/keyworker. htm [ 10 ]. Page 80 [ 11 ]. http://www. simplypsychology. org/bowlby. html [ 12 ]. Page 80